The causes of variation in learning and behavior: why individual differences matter.
The causes of variation in learning and behavior: why individual differences matter.
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学习和行为差异的原因：为什么个体差异很重要。
DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00395
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Matzel LD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sauce B;Matzel LD
在50年前的一篇开创性论文中，克朗巴赫讨论了科学心理学的两种截然不同的方法：实验和相关。今天，尽管这两种方法在心理学的一些领域得到了卓有成效的实施和接受，但这种协同作用在其他领域基本上是不存在的，例如在学习和行为的研究中。托尔曼和船体在一个罕见的情况下达成一致，认为相关性方法对理解行为几乎没有什么希望。有趣的是，在行为分析的生物学分支，即行为遗传学和行为学中，这种对个体差异研究的忽视是不存在的。在这里，我们提出，“因果关系”和“变异的原因”（起源于遗传学领域）之间的区别揭示了相关方法在理解学习和行为的全部复杂性方面的潜在价值。虽然实验方法可以阐明调节学习的因果变量，但对个体差异的分析可以阐明在复杂的自然环境中变量相互作用的程度和方式，以支持学习的变化。例如，了解过去的刺激经验会影响其"联想性"，几乎无法深入了解个体倾向如何相互作用以调节这种对联想性的影响。在这个"新"的光，我们讨论的例子，从研究动物的表现在莫里斯水迷宫的个体差异，并从我们自己的工作在小鼠的一般智力的个体差异。这些研究表明，与安德伍德的著名观点相反，对个体差异的研究对心理学的作用要比仅仅提供因果关系的初步迹象大得多。
In a seminal paper written five decades ago, Cronbach discussed the two highly distinct approaches to scientific psychology: experimental and correlational. Today, although these two approaches are fruitfully implemented and embraced across some fields of psychology, this synergy is largely absent from other areas, such as in the study of learning and behavior. Both Tolman and Hull, in a rare case of agreement, stated that the correlational approach held little promise for the understanding of behavior. Interestingly, this dismissal of the study of individual differences was absent in the biologically oriented branches of behavior analysis, namely, behavioral genetics and ethology. Here we propose that the distinction between “causation” and “causes of variation” (with its origins in the field of genetics) reveals the potential value of the correlational approach in understanding the full complexity of learning and behavior. Although the experimental approach can illuminate the causal variables that modulate learning, the analysis of individual differences can elucidate how much and in which way variables interact to support variations in learning in complex natural environments. For example, understanding that a past experience with a stimulus influences its “associability” provides little insight into how individual predispositions interact to modulate this influence on associability. In this “new” light, we discuss examples from studies of individual differences in animals’ performance in the Morris water maze and from our own work on individual differences in general intelligence in mice. These studies illustrate that, opposed to what Underwood famously suggested, studies of individual differences can do much more to psychology than merely providing preliminary indications of cause-effect relationships.
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影响因子：
16.4
作者：
CRONBACH, LJ
通讯作者：
CRONBACH, LJ
影响因子：
22.4
作者：
FRANKMANN, JP;ADAMS, JA
通讯作者：
ADAMS, JA
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Galsworthy, MJ;Paya-Cano, JL;Plomin, R
通讯作者：
Plomin, R
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0901404106
发表时间：
2009-06-16
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Ayala, Francisco J.
通讯作者：
Ayala, Francisco J.
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
JACOB, F
通讯作者：
JACOB, F