Plasticity in extended phenotype increases offspring defence despite individual variation in web structure and behaviour.
Plasticity in extended phenotype increases offspring defence despite individual variation in web structure and behaviour.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.01.022
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发表时间：
2018-04
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Aonuma H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DiRienzo N;Aonuma H
许多动物通过一系列行为来积极保护自己的后代，从鸟类的叫声和狼吞虎咽，到甲壳类动物的肢体扭打，这些行为的表达与后代的价值成正比。虽然这种行为在防御中的作用得到了很好的研究，但人们对其他特征，特别是网和巢等建筑结构如何影响后代防御的了解很少。此外，尽管一些税种在后代防御行为上显示出一致的个体差异，但完全不清楚个体是否也在防御结构上存在差异。我们在红背蜘蛛Latrodectus hasselti中解决了这些问题，通过测量雌性下蛋如何影响雌性行为和网状结构，以及这些特征是否与相对的生殖投资有关。我们的研究结果表明，雌性蜘蛛对蛋壳的反应改变了网状结构，但只有网状结构的保护性元素与蛋壳的相对价值成正比。最后，尽管存在显著的相关性，但模型中的固定效应(例如，蛋壳占有率/价值)只解释了行为和网状结构变化的5%-23%，而个人身份的随机效应解释了46%-65%的变化。这一变异推动了对所有性状的中到高重复性估计，这表明一些人一贯在防御方面投入相对较多，而一些人投入较少。这些结果突出表明，在某些分类群中，扩展的表型特征可能是后代防御的关键组成部分。此外，这些特征的个体差异表明可能存在不同的生殖策略，即一些个体在繁殖上投入更多，但以安全/觅食为代价，反之亦然。
Many animals actively defend their offspring using a range of behaviours from calling and mobbing in birds, to physical grappling in crustaceans, and the expression of these behaviours positively scale with offspring value. While this role of behaviour in defence is well studied, very little is known about how other traits, specifically the structure of architectural constructions such as webs and nests, contribute to offspring defence. Additionally, although some tax a show consistent individual differences in offspring defence behaviour, it is completely unknown whether individuals also differ in defensive structures. We addressed these questions in the redback spider, Latrodectus hasselti, by measuring how a female laying an eggcase influences female behaviour and web structure, and whether those traits scale with relative reproductive investment. Our results show that females modified web structure in response to an eggcase, but only the protective elements of web structure positively scaled with the relative value of that eggcase. Finally, despite the significant correlations, fixed effects (e.g. eggcase possession/value) in the models explained only 5–23% of the variation in behaviour and web structure, while the random effect of individual identity explained 46–65% of the variation. This variation drove moderate to high repeatability estimates across all traits, suggesting that some individuals consistently invest relatively more in defence, while some invest less. These results highlight that extended phenotypic traits may be a critical component of offspring defence in some taxa. Furthermore, individual variation in these traits suggest that different reproductive strategies may exist, whereby some individuals invest more in reproduction at a cost to safety/foraging and vice versa.
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