Inorganic nanocrystals as contrast agents in MRI: synthesis, coating and introduction of multifunctionality.
Inorganic nanocrystals as contrast agents in MRI: synthesis, coating and introduction of multifunctionality.
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DOI：
10.1002/nbm.2909
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发表时间：
2013-07
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Mulder, Willem J. M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cormode, David P.;Sanchez-Gaytan, Brenda L.;Mieszawska, Aneta J.;Fayad, Zahi A.;Mulder, Willem J. M.
关键词：
无机纳米晶在医学上有着广泛的应用，包括用作药物或基因传递络合物、治疗性热疗剂、诊断系统以及广泛的医学成像技术中的造影剂。对于磁共振成像，纳米晶体本身可以产生对比度，其中铁氧化物得到了最广泛的探索，或者被赋予了一层产生磁共振对比度的涂层，例如包裹了格拉络合物的金纳米粒子。这些具有MR活性的纳米晶体可用于血管、肝脏和其他器官的成像，以及分子成像、细胞跟踪和治疗。因此，由于这些令人兴奋的应用，合成并呈现这些水溶性和生物相容性的纳米晶是非常有必要的。我们将讨论水相和有机相合成无机纳米晶的方法，如金、氧化铁和量子点。我们将重点介绍各种方法的优缺点。我们探索了使纳米晶具有生物相容性的各种方法，即直接合成包覆有生物相容性涂层的纳米晶、配体取代、两亲性包覆和包埋在可使其具有生物相容性的载体基质中。将重点介绍各种例子，并解释它们的应用。这些例子表明，合成具有可控性能的生物相容纳米晶已经被许多研究小组实现，并可以应用于广泛的应用领域。因此，我们期待看到更复杂的MRI活性纳米颗粒的临床前应用报告及其更广泛的开发，以及在新的临床环境中。
Inorganic nanocrystals have myriad applications in medicine, which includes their use as drug or gene delivery complexes, therapeutic hyperthermia agents, in diagnostic systems and as contrast agents in a wide range of medical imaging techniques. For MRI, nanocrystals can produce contrast themselves, of which iron oxides have been most extensively explored, or be given a coating that generates MR contrast, for example gold nanoparticles coated with gadolinium chelates. These MR-active nanocrystals can be used in imaging of the vasculature, liver and other organs, as well as molecular imaging, cell tracking and theranostics. Due to these exciting applications, synthesizing and rendering these nanocrystals water-soluble and biocompatible is therefore highly desirable. We will discuss aqueous phase and organic phase methods for synthesizing inorganic nanocrystals such as gold, iron oxides and quantum dots. The pros and cons of the various methods will be highlighted. We explore various methods for making nanocrystals biocompatible, i.e. directly synthesizing nanocrystals coated with biocompatible coatings, ligand substitution, amphiphile coating and embedding in carrier matrices that can be made biocompatible. Various examples will be highlighted and their applications explained. These examples signify that synthesizing biocompatible nanocrystals with controlled properties has been achieved by numerous research groups and can be applied for a wide range of applications. Therefore we expect to see reports of preclinical applications of ever more complex MRI-active nanoparticles and their wider exploitation, as well as in novel clinical settings.
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