Isolating forest process effects on modelled snowpack density and snow water equivalent
Isolating forest process effects on modelled snowpack density and snow water equivalent
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隔离森林过程对模拟积雪密度和雪水当量的影响
DOI：
10.1002/hyp.14475
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Small, Eric E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bonner, Hannah M.;Raleigh, Mark S.;Small, Eric E.
了解森林冠层的存在如何影响底层积雪，对于准确预测散装雪密度和雪水当量（SWE）至关重要。为了研究森林过程对雪密度和SWE的相对重要性，我们应用SUMMA模型在三个代表不同的雪气候在科罗拉多（美国），俄勒冈州（美国），和阿尔伯塔（加拿大）5年。首先，控制模拟运行开放和森林网站。与观测值的比较表明，NLDAS-2强迫的未校准模型表现合理。然后，完成了实验，以隔离森林过程如何影响模拟积雪密度和SWE，包括：（1）由于拦截损失导致的质量减少，（2）从冠层传递到下层雪的水的相位和数量的变化，（3）由于风速降低而改变新的雪密度，以及（4）入射长波和短波辐射的修改。输送效应（2）增加森林积雪密度相对于开放地区，往往超过30%。质量效应（1）和风效应（3）降低森林积雪密度，但一般不到6%。辐射实验（4）产生了可忽略的积极影响（即，0%-10%）。在季节最温暖的时候和最温暖的地点（俄勒冈州），输送对密度的影响最大：较高的温度增加了拦截和融化的拦截雪，然后滴到下面的积雪上。相比之下，质量效应和辐射效应对森林与开放SWE差异的影响最大，产生的差异大于30%。该研究强调了模型中传递效应的重要性，以及需要新型观测来表征冠层如何影响雪表面的水通量。
Understanding how the presence of a forest canopy influences the underlying snowpack is critical to making accurate model predictions of bulk snow density and snow water equivalent (SWE). To investigate the relative importance of forest processes on snow density and SWE, we applied the SUMMA model at three sites representing diverse snow climates in Colorado (USA), Oregon (USA), and Alberta (Canada) for 5 years. First, control simulations were run for open and forest sites. Comparisons to observations showed the uncalibrated model with NLDAS‐2 forcing performed reasonably. Then, experiments were completed to isolate how forest processes affected modelled snowpack density and SWE, including: (1) mass reduction due to interception loss, (2) changes in the phase and amount of water delivered from the canopy to the underlying snow, (3) varying new snow density from reduced wind speed, and (4) modification of incoming longwave and shortwave radiation. Delivery effects (2) increased forest snowpack density relative to open areas, often more than 30%. Mass effects (1) and wind effects (3) decreased forest snowpack density, but generally by less than 6%. The radiation experiment (4) yielded negligible to positive effects (i.e., 0%–10%) on snowpack density. Delivery effects on density were greatest at the warmest times in the season and at the warmest site (Oregon): higher temperatures increased interception and melted intercepted snow, which then dripped to the underlying snowpack. In contrast, mass effects and radiation effects were shown to have the greatest impact on forest‐to‐open SWE differences, yielding differences greater than 30%. The study highlights the importance of delivery effects in models and the need for new types of observations to characterize how canopies influence the flux of water to the snow surface.
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影响因子：
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DOI：
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发表时间：
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期刊：
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影响因子：
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