Traumatic brain injury substantially reduces the conditioned reinforcing effects of environmental cues in rats.
Traumatic brain injury substantially reduces the conditioned reinforcing effects of environmental cues in rats.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147084
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发表时间：
2020-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Vonder Haar C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Modrak CG;Giesler LP;Vonder Haar C
创伤性脑损伤每年影响数百万人，是成瘾的既定危险因素。最近的动物研究因果关系表明，损伤可以增加药物自我管理的各种物质。这一发现的一个潜在的行为中介是对药物相关线索的反应性增加。这种内在表型可以通过分析非药物相关行为来鉴定。目前的研究评估了几个范例（条件的方法，条件强化，灭绝的可变间隔响应，条件化的促进），以确定如何与额叶TBI大鼠不同的巴甫洛夫条件反射反应食物配对线索。令人惊讶的是，TBI大鼠表现出增加的目标跟踪在一个条件的方法范例，并施加较少的努力，为一个条件反射。此外，在面对与行为相关的线索时，他们稍微促进了灭绝（如显著更大的相互反应时间所证明的）。尽管有这些影响，TBI大鼠仍然表现出条件易化的听觉刺激。总之，这些效应表明了一种与预期相反的表型。线索仍然具有很强的辨别功能并改变行为;然而，它们对于TBI动物来说并不具有很强的条件强化剂的作用。一个潜在的原因是，脑外伤后多巴胺系统的实质性变化可能会减少线索的条件强化作用，但会使大脑对滥用的强效药物敏感。需要更多的研究来确定是否如此。
Traumatic brain injury affects millions of people each year and is an established risk factor for addiction. Recent animal studies have causally demonstrated that injuries can increase drug self-administration across a variety of substances. One potential behavioral mediator for this finding is an increased responsivity to drug-associated cues. This endophenotype can be identified by profiling non-drug-related behaviors. The current study evaluated several paradigms (conditioned approach, conditioned reinforcement, extinction from variable interval responding, conditioned facilitation) to determine how rats with a frontal TBI differed in their response to Pavlovian conditioning in response to food-paired cues. Surprisingly, rats with a TBI demonstrated increased goal-tracking in a conditioned approach paradigm and exerted less effort for a conditioned reinforcer. Moreover, they had slightly facilitated extinction (as demonstrated by significantly larger interresponse times) in the face of reinforcer-associated cues. Despite these effects, TBI rats still demonstrated conditioned facilitation to an auditory stimulus. Together, these effects suggest a phenotype in the opposite direction of what might be anticipated. Cues still served a strong discriminative function and altered behavior; however, they did not function as strong conditioned reinforcers for TBI animals. One potential reason for this is that substantial changes to the dopamine system after TBI may reduce the conditioned reinforcing effects of cues, but sensitize the brain to potent drugs of abuse. More research will be needed to determine whether this is the case.
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