Unbalanced sex ratios in Germany caused by World War II and their effect on fertility: A life cycle perspective.

Unbalanced sex ratios in Germany caused by World War II and their effect on fertility: A life cycle perspective.
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二战造成的德国性别比例失衡及其对生育率的影响:生命周期视角。

DOI:
10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103581
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发表时间:
2020
影响因子:
2.8
通讯作者:
Steckenleiter,Carina
Steckenleiter,Carina
中科院分区:
经济学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Kesternich,Iris;Siflinger,Bettina;Smith,JamesP;Steckenleiter,Carina

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本文分析了二战导致的德国长期不平衡的性别比对整个生命周期的生育结果的影响。使用与个人传记数据相关联的人口普查记录,我们的分析证实了由于性别比例严重失衡而导致生育率下降的短期模式。然而,这种不平衡的长期影响关键取决于何时在生命周期中评估生育力。我们发现,性别比例较低的女性群体在较小的年龄生育的孩子较少,而且更大一部分人仍然没有孩子。虽然在整个生命周期中,无子女比例仍然较高,但受影响群体的母亲在子女数量方面迎头赶上,甚至在较晚的时候过度补偿。我们对这一结果的首选解读是,在性别比例较低的情况下,女性根据自己的生育偏好选择晚育。这一解释与这一发现一致,即来自受影响人群的女性延长了她们的生育期,并在婚姻市场上接受质量较低的配对。我们的发现对于理解大规模人口冲击的长期后果具有重要意义。
This paper analyzes the effects of permanently unbalanced sex ratios in Germany caused by World War II on fertility outcomes over the life cycle. Using Census records linked with individual biography data, our analysis confirms the commonly found short-term pattern of decreased fertility rates due to a stark imbalance of the sex ratio. Yet, the long-term effects of such an imbalance crucially depend on when in the life cycle fertility is evaluated. We find that female cohorts with low sex ratios have fewer children at younger ages and a larger fraction remains childless. While childlessness remains higher throughout their life cycle, mothers from affected cohorts catch up and even overcompensate at later ages with respect to the number of children. Our preferred reading of this result is that with low sex ratios women select themselves into late motherhood according to their fertility preferences. This interpretation is consistent with the finding that women from affected cohorts expand their childbearing period and accept lower quality matches in the marriage market. Our findings have important implications for understanding the long-term consequences of large population shocks.
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