Tectonic advection of contacts enhances landscape transience
Tectonic advection of contacts enhances landscape transience
复制标题
接触的构造平流增强了景观的瞬变
DOI：
10.1002/esp.5559
复制
发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Forte, Adam M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mitchell, Nate;Forte, Adam M.
基岩可蚀性的对比已被证明是驱动景观瞬态，但目前还不清楚是否水平构造位移会增强这种影响。此外，人们可能会认为这些因素是共存的，因为构造会聚有助于在喜马拉雅山等环境中形成岩石强度对比。当分隔单元的接触面因构造作用而垂直上升和水平移动时，景观如何反应？为了评估这样的问题，我们使用景观演化模型来模拟暴露的一个弱单位的景观平衡到一个强的单位。我们探索不同的模拟不同的因素，如弱单位可蚀性，扩散率，接触倾角，地形平流率。在这些模拟中，我们评估了迁移的主要排水分水岭，以及在强单位内的通道陡度和地形起伏的变化。我们的模型结果表明，接触的水平运动确实增强了排水分水岭迁移，并增加了通道陡度，特别是当接触迁移沿着河流低流域地区。然而，在所有模拟中，地形起伏的增加是最小的和暂时的。意外的行为出现在我们的模拟中，地形的质量平衡的水平构造位移的影响。例如，弱单元的暴露导致强单元的陡度逐渐下降。我们将这种行为解释为与我们领域的固定边界相关的人工制品，并且可能不代表自然景观。相反，我们专注于模拟平流不影响地形的质量平衡。这些模型表明，水平运动的联系，可以提高景观瞬变，但这种瞬变的特点之一，可以用来作为诊断特征。然而，由于断层、褶皱和滑坡等因素的自然巧合，在具有构造会聚特征的自然景观中检测这种特征将是困难的。
Contrasts in bedrock erodibility have been shown to drive landscape transience, but it is unclear whether horizontal tectonic displacements would enhance such effects. Furthermore, one might expect these factors to coexist, as tectonic convergence helps to create rock strength contrasts in settings like the Himalayas. How do landscapes respond when contacts separating units are raised vertically and shifted horizontally by tectonics? To evaluate such questions, we use landscape evolution models to simulate the exposure of a weak unit in a landscape equilibrated to a strong unit. We explore different simulations varying factors like weak unit erodibility, diffusivity, contact dip, and topographic advection rate. In these simulations, we assess the migration of the main drainage divide as well as changes in channel steepness and topographic relief within the strong unit. Our model results show that the horizontal movement of a contact does enhance drainage divide migration and increases in channel steepness, especially when the contact migrates along rivers with low drainage areas. Across all simulations, however, increases in topographic relief are minimal and temporary. Unexpected behaviors emerge in our simulations in which the mass balance of topography is influenced by horizontal tectonic displacements. For example, the exposure of the weak unit causes a gradual decline in the steepness of the strong unit. We interpret such behaviors to be artifacts related to the fixed boundaries of our domain and likely unrepresentative of natural landscapes. Instead, we focus on simulations where advection does not influence the mass balance of topography. These models show that the horizontal movement of contacts can enhance landscape transience, but this transience is marked by features one can use as diagnostic characteristics. Detecting such characteristics in natural landscapes featuring tectonic convergence would be difficult, however, due to the natural coincidence of factors such as faulting, folding, and landslides.
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