Specialization can drive the evolution of modularity.
Specialization can drive the evolution of modularity.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000719
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发表时间：
2010-03-26
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Wagner A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Espinosa-Soto C;Wagner A
生物体发育和许多细胞生物学过程是以模块化方式组织的，其中调节分子形成群，群内有许多相互作用，而群之间很少有相互作用。因此，模块内元素的活动很少依赖于模块外的元素。模块化有助于产生可遗传的变异和进化创新。对于模块化可能如何发展，尤其是对于开发中的模块，目前还没有达成共识。我们表明，模块化可以增加基因调控网络，作为基因活性专业化的副产品。这种特化发生在基因调控网络被选择来产生出现在特定身体结构或特定环境条件下的新的基因活动模式之后。在基因活动专门化后出现的模块包括在基因活动中显示协调变化的基因。这一点和其他观察结果表明，模块化之所以进化，是因为它减少了不同基因组之间的干扰。我们的工作可以通过一种不依赖于环境变化的机制来解释模块化的出现和维持。我们还展示了模块化如何促进共选，即利用现有基因活动来构建新的基因活动模式，这是进化创新的一个常见特征。在整个生命历史中，有机体产生了进化创新，这些特征在面对新的生态和环境挑战时很有用。有助于这种创新产生的一个特性是模块化。模块化系统由一组分子组成，组内相互作用较多，但基团间相互作用较少。这种模块化增加了创新的机会，因为它允许一个模块内部的变化而不会干扰其他模块，也因为它允许重新部署模块以创造新的生物功能。我们模拟了已知在发育中重要的基因网络的进化，以表明当选择有利于基因活动的专门化时，模块化增加。只要出现新的细胞类型、器官或其他身体结构，特化就会发生。在这个过程中，基因网络获得了产生特定于这些结构的新的基因活动模式的能力。我们还展示了模块化如何有利于利用现有模块的新基因活动模式的进化。由于基因活动的专门化在进化中非常普遍，我们提出的机制可能对基因调控网络中模块化的起源具有重要意义。
Organismal development and many cell biological processes are organized in a modular fashion, where regulatory molecules form groups with many interactions within a group and few interactions between groups. Thus, the activity of elements within a module depends little on elements outside of it. Modularity facilitates the production of heritable variation and of evolutionary innovations. There is no consensus on how modularity might evolve, especially for modules in development. We show that modularity can increase in gene regulatory networks as a byproduct of specialization in gene activity. Such specialization occurs after gene regulatory networks are selected to produce new gene activity patterns that appear in a specific body structure or under a specific environmental condition. Modules that arise after specialization in gene activity comprise genes that show concerted changes in gene activities. This and other observations suggest that modularity evolves because it decreases interference between different groups of genes. Our work can explain the appearance and maintenance of modularity through a mechanism that is not contingent on environmental change. We also show how modularity can facilitate co-option, the utilization of existing gene activity to build new gene activity patterns, a frequent feature of evolutionary innovations. Throughout life's history, organisms have produced evolutionary innovations, features that are useful when facing new ecological and environmental challenges. A property that aids in the production of such innovations is modularity. Modular systems consist of groups of molecules with many interactions within a group but fewer interactions between groups. Such modularity increases the chances of innovation, because it allows changes inside one module without perturbing others, and because it permits redeployment of modules to create new biological functions. We simulate the evolution of gene networks known to be important in development to show that modularity increases when selection favors specialization in gene activity. Specialization occurs wherever new cell types, organs, or other body structures arise. In the course of this process gene networks acquire the ability to produce new gene activity patterns specific to these structures. We also demonstrate how modularity favors the evolution of new gene activity patterns that make use of already existing modules. Because specialization in gene activity is very common in evolution, the mechanism that we put forward may be important for the origins of modularity in gene regulatory networks.
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影响因子：
11.6
作者：
Espinosa-soto, C;Padilla-Longoria, P;Alvarez-Buylla, ER
通讯作者：
Alvarez-Buylla, ER
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0801201105
发表时间：
2008-04-22
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Gao, Feng;Davidson, Eric H.
通讯作者：
Davidson, Eric H.
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Hartwell, LH;Hopfield, JJ;Murray, AW
通讯作者：
Murray, AW
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0605965104
发表时间：
2007-01-02
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Fortunato, Santo;Barthelemy, Marc
通讯作者：
Barthelemy, Marc
影响因子：
30.8
作者：
Ayroles, Julien F.;Carbone, Mary Anna;Stone, Eric A.;Jordan, Katherine W.;Lyman, Richard F.;Magwire, Michael M.;Rollmann, Stephanie M.;Duncan, Laura H.;Lawrence, Faye;Anholt, Robert R. H.;Mackay, Trudy F. C.
通讯作者：
Mackay, Trudy F. C.