Bias and consistency in three-way gravity models

Bias and consistency in three-way gravity models
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三向重力模型的偏差和一致性

DOI:
10.1016/j.jinteco.2021.103513
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发表时间:
2021
影响因子:
3.3
通讯作者:
Weidner M
Weidner M
中科院分区:
经济学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Weidner M

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我们研究了“三向”泊松伪极大似然(“PPML”)估计器的附带参数问题,该估计器最近被推荐用于识别贸易政策的影响和其他面板数据重力设置。尽管涉及到固定效应的数量和种类,我们确认PPML对于固定土地是一致的,并且我们表明它实际上是广泛的PML重力估计器中唯一的估计器,当它固定时,在这种情况下通常是一致的。同时,固定面板的渐近置信区间没有正确地以真实参数值为中心,用于构建标准误差的聚类稳健方差估计也通常存在偏差。我们分析了这些偏差的特征,并在数字和经验上表明,即使对于大量国家的真实数据设置,它们也是显著的。我们还提供了实用的补救措施,可用于获得更可靠的贸易政策和其他时变重力变量的影响推断,我们通过附带的Stata软件包ppml_fe_bias提供了这些补救措施。
We study the incidental parameter problem for the “three-way” Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (“PPML”) estimator recently recommended for identifying the effects of trade policies and in other panel data gravity settings. Despite the number and variety of fixed effects involved, we confirm PPML is consistent for fixedTand we show it is in fact the only estimator among a wide range of PML gravity estimators that is generally consistent in this context whenTis fixed. At the same time, asymptotic confidence intervals in fixed-Tpanels are not correctly centered at the true parameter values, and cluster-robust variance estimates used to construct standard errors are generally biased as well. We characterize each of these biases analytically and show both numerically and empirically that they are salient even for real-data settings with a large number of countries. We also offer practical remedies that can be used to obtain more reliable inferences of the effects of trade policies and other time-varying gravity variables, which we make available via an accompanying Stata package called ppml_fe_bias.
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