Mortality in East African shorthorn zebu cattle under one year: predictors of infectious-disease mortality.
Mortality in East African shorthorn zebu cattle under one year: predictors of infectious-disease mortality.
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DOI：
10.1186/1746-6148-9-175
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发表时间：
2013-09-08
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Woolhouse ME
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Thumbi SM;Bronsvoort MB;Kiara H;Toye PG;Poole J;Ndila M;Conradie I;Jennings A;Handel IG;Coetzer JA;Steyl J;Hanotte O;Woolhouse ME
牲畜传染病仍然是实现粮食安全的主要威胁，也是依赖牲畜为生的人的经济和生计损失的一个来源。了解造成大多数死亡的重要传染病对于确定疾病控制战略和分配用于疾病控制的有限资金至关重要。在这里，我们估计了在一个小农混合耕作系统中饲养的瘤牛第一年的死亡率，确定了死亡风险增加的时期和小牛死亡的危险因素，并通过对死后数据的分析，确定了该种群中小牛死亡的病因。2007年至2010年间，对548头瘤牛进行了纵向队列研究。每头小牛在其出生的第一年或直到从研究中消失时都被跟踪。在肯尼亚西部以Busia为中心的45公里半径范围内，从20个分点随机挑选牛犊，并在出生后一周内从不同的农场招募。数据包括481.1小牛年的观察。从出生到一岁，每隔5周进行一次临床检查、样本采集和分析。采用带脆弱项的Cox比例风险模型对危险因素进行统计分析。对研究期间死亡的所有动物进行了标准化的尸检，并收集了适当的样本。全因死亡率估计为16.1 (13.0-19.2;95% CI) / 100个危险犊牛年。Cox模型确定了高感染强度的希氏杆菌（Theileria spp），其中最致命的是导致东海岸热，锥虫（Trypanosome spp）感染和蠕虫感染（以每克粪便中的Strongyle spp卵计算），这是与这些小牛传染病死亡率统计相关的三种重要感染。对死后数据的分析确定，东海岸热是导致死亡的主要原因，占所有死亡人数的40%，血液病占12%，心水病占7%。这些发现表明地方性寄生虫病对预计能够很好地适应疾病压力的本土动物的影响。此外，使用简单诊断程序数据的Cox模型结果与死后分析结果之间的一致性强调了这种诊断数据在降低小牛死亡率方面的潜力。对已确定的传染病的控制策略进行了讨论。
Infectious livestock diseases remain a major threat to attaining food security and are a source of economic and livelihood losses for people dependent on livestock for their livelihood. Knowledge of the vital infectious diseases that account for the majority of deaths is crucial in determining disease control strategies and in the allocation of limited funds available for disease control. Here we have estimated the mortality rates in zebu cattle raised in a smallholder mixed farming system during their first year of life, identified the periods of increased risk of death and the risk factors for calf mortality, and through analysis of post-mortem data, determined the aetiologies of calf mortality in this population. A longitudinal cohort study of 548 zebu cattle was conducted between 2007 and 2010. Each calf was followed during its first year of life or until lost from the study. Calves were randomly selected from 20 sub-locations and recruited within a week of birth from different farms over a 45 km radius area centered on Busia in the Western part of Kenya. The data comprised of 481.1 calf years of observation. Clinical examinations, sample collection and analysis were carried out at 5 week intervals, from birth until one year old. Cox proportional hazard models with frailty terms were used for the statistical analysis of risk factors. A standardized post-mortem examination was conducted on all animals that died during the study and appropriate samples collected. The all-cause mortality rate was estimated at 16.1 (13.0-19.2; 95% CI) per 100 calf years at risk. The Cox models identified high infection intensity with Theileria spp., the most lethal of which causes East Coast Fever disease, infection with Trypanosome spp., and helminth infections as measured by Strongyle spp. eggs per gram of faeces as the three important infections statistically associated with infectious disease mortality in these calves. Analysis of post-mortem data identified East Coast Fever as the main cause of death accounting for 40% of all deaths, haemonchosis 12% and heartwater disease 7%. The findings demonstrate the impact of endemic parasitic diseases in indigenous animals expected to be well adapted against disease pressures. Additionally, agreement between results of Cox models using data from simple diagnostic procedures and results from post-mortem analysis underline the potential use such diagnostic data to reduce calf mortality. The control strategies for the identified infectious diseases have been discussed.
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