Sex differences in early experience and the development of aggression in wild chimpanzees
Sex differences in early experience and the development of aggression in wild chimpanzees
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野生黑猩猩早期经历的性别差异和攻击性的发展
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2017144118
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Muller, Martin N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sabbi, Kris H.;Emery Thompson, Melissa;Machanda, Zarin P.;Otali, Emily;Wrangham, Richard W.;Muller, Martin N.
身体攻击的性别差异存在于人类文化中，并被认为受到积极的性别角色强化的影响。然而，攻击性的性别差异也存在于我们的进化近亲黑猩猩中，它们不参与主动教学，但确实表现出较长的少年期和复杂的社会系统，这些系统允许差异经验塑造行为。在这里，我们要问的是，在野生黑猩猩的早期生活中暴露于攻击是否是性二态的，如果是这样的话，早期社会性的其他方面是否有助于这种差异。使用从Kanyawara黑猩猩社区（2005年至2017年）收集的13年所有发生的攻击数据，我们确定年轻的雄性黑猩猩比雌性黑猩猩更容易成为攻击的受害者，在4到5之间（即，幼年早期）。将长期攻击数据与一项针对社会发展的研究（2015年至2017年）的数据相结合，我们发现攻击的两个潜在风险因素-接近成年男性的时间和远离母亲的时间-在年轻男性和女性之间没有差异。相反，受到攻击的主要风险因素是年轻黑猩猩表现出的攻击性，在整个青少年时期，雄性黑猩猩的攻击性高于雌性黑猩猩。在多变量模型中，性别并没有调节这种关系，这表明其他黑猩猩并没有专门针对年轻的雄性，而是对不同性别的个体行为做出反应。因此，即使在没有明确的性别社会化的情况下，社会经验也会因性别而异，但经验差异是由早期出现的行为性别差异形成的。
Sex differences in physical aggression occur across human cultures and are thought to be influenced by active sex role reinforcement. However, sex differences in aggression also exist in our close evolutionary relatives, chimpanzees, who do not engage in active teaching, but do exhibit long juvenile periods and complex social systems that allow differential experience to shape behavior. Here we ask whether early life exposure to aggression is sexually dimorphic in wild chimpanzees and, if so, whether other aspects of early sociality contribute to this difference. Using 13 y of all-occurrence aggression data collected from the Kanyawara community of chimpanzees (2005 to 2017), we determined that young male chimpanzees were victims of aggression more often than females by between 4 and 5 (i.e., early in juvenility). Combining long-term aggression data with data from a targeted study of social development (2015 to 2017), we found that two potential risk factors for aggression—time spent near adult males and time spent away from mothers—did not differ between young males and females. Instead, the major risk factor for receiving aggression was the amount of aggression that young chimpanzees displayed, which was higher for males than females throughout the juvenile period. In multivariate models, sex did not mediate this relationship, suggesting that other chimpanzees did not target young males specifically, but instead responded to individual behavior that differed by sex. Thus, social experience differed by sex even in the absence of explicit gender socialization, but experiential differences were shaped by early-emerging sex differences in behavior.
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