Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases.
Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases.
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DOI：
10.1038/nm1150
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发表时间：
2004-12
期刊：
影响因子：
82.9
通讯作者：
McMichael AJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Weiss RA;McMichael AJ
50年前，由于公共卫生措施的改善，发达世界古老的传染病祸害正在消退，而抗生素、更好的疫苗、杀虫剂和更好的监测的出现为消除残留问题带来了希望。然而，到了世纪后期，世界许多地区传染病的出现和重新出现明显增加。这是自大约1万年前农业出现以来人类与微生物关系的第四次重大转变。已查明约30种新疾病，包括退伍军人病、人体免疫缺陷病毒（艾滋病毒）/获得性免疫缺陷综合症（艾滋病）、丙型肝炎、牛海绵状脑病/变异型克雅氏病、尼帕病毒、几种病毒性出血热以及最近的严重急性呼吸系统综合症（萨斯）和禽流感。这些疾病的出现，以及肺结核和霍乱等老疾病的死灰复燃，反映了人类生态的各种变化：农村向城市的迁移导致高密度的城郊贫民窟;长途流动和贸易的增加;战争和冲突的社会破坏;个人行为的变化;以及越来越多的人类引起的全球变化，包括大规模的森林砍伐和气候变化。政治上的无知、否认和顽固（如艾滋病毒/艾滋病）进一步加剧了风险。医疗技术的使用和滥用也会带来风险，例如耐药微生物和受污染的设备或生物药品。更好地了解新出现的传染病不断演变的社会动态应该有助于我们预测并有望减轻当前和未来的风险。
Fifty years ago, the age-old scourge of infectious disease was receding in the developed world in response to improved public health measures, while the advent of antibiotics, better vaccines, insecticides and improved surveillance held the promise of eradicating residual problems. By the late twentieth century, however, an increase in the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases was evident in many parts of the world. This upturn looms as the fourth major transition in human–microbe relationships since the advent of agriculture around 10,000 years ago. About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. The emergence of these diseases, and resurgence of old ones like tuberculosis and cholera, reflects various changes in human ecology: rural-to-urban migration resulting in high-density peri-urban slums; increasing long-distance mobility and trade; the social disruption of war and conflict; changes in personal behavior; and, increasingly, human-induced global changes, including widespread forest clearance and climate change. Political ignorance, denial and obduracy (as with HIV/AIDS) further compound the risks. The use and misuse of medical technology also pose risks, such as drug-resistant microbes and contaminated equipment or biological medicines. A better understanding of the evolving social dynamics of emerging infectious diseases ought to help us to anticipate and hopefully ameliorate current and future risks.
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DOI：
10.1038/nrmicro975
发表时间：
2004-09
期刊：
Nature reviews. Microbiology
影响因子：
--
作者：
De Clercq E
通讯作者：
De Clercq E
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Frenzen PD
通讯作者：
Frenzen PD
影响因子：
3.8
作者：
Auvert, B;Buvé, A;Akam, E
通讯作者：
Akam, E
影响因子：
158.5
作者：
Iwamoto, M;Jernigan, DB;Withum, D
通讯作者：
Withum, D
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Drancourt M;Roux V;Dang LV;Tran-Hung L;Castex D;Chenal-Francisque V;Ogata H;Fournier PE;Crubézy E;Raoult D
通讯作者：
Raoult D