Holocene survival of the wild horse in Europe: a matter of open landscape?

Holocene survival of the wild horse in Europe: a matter of open landscape?
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欧洲野马的全新世生存:开放景观问题?

DOI:
10.1002/jqs.1509
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发表时间:
2011
影响因子:
2.3
通讯作者:
Schmölcke
Schmölcke
中科院分区:
地球科学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Sommer;Benecke;Lõugas;Schmölcke

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野马是欧亚大陆晚更新世大型有蹄类动物群中最常见的物种之一,在人类群体的生存中发挥着重要的作用,特别是在晚冰川末期。人们常常认为这是事实。由于林地的开发和开阔栖息地的丧失,全新世之初,欧洲的弗氏物种灭绝了。由于野马偏爱开放的栖息地,尽管其适应性很强,野马的出现或消失可能是全新世原始林地开放的一个合适的古生态指标。我们修正了亚化石记录的年代和可靠性,并用原子质谱仪~(14)C测年确定了几块骨骼的年代。从全新世开始(公元前9600年)到大西洋时期结束(公元前3750年),欧洲有207个考古遗址有野马的记录。欧洲的野马在更新世全新世过渡中幸存下来,但在全新世早期和中期种群的时空动态发生了显著的波动。在全新世早期,数量少而稀少的种群逐渐灭绝,直到公元前7100年至公元前5500年,野马几乎在欧洲低地的中部地区消失。然而,在树冠森林、白垩地和泛滥平原的天然开阔地带的特殊条件可能维持了低地一些地区马的当地生存。在大西洋晚期,公元前5500年至公元前3750年之间,野马的活动范围再次扩大。它重新移民到中欧和西欧,可能是由于新石器时代的人们不断增加的地形开阔。这里提供的数据可能是关于全新世早期和中期景观开放程度的辩论中有价值的一部分。版权所有©2011 John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.
The wild horseEquus feruswas one of the most frequent species of the Late Pleistocene large ungulate fauna in Eurasia and played an important role in the subsistence of human groups, especially at the end the Late Glacial. It is frequently assumed thatE. ferusbecame extinct in Europe at the beginning of the Holocene because of the development of woodlands and loss of open habitats. Because of its preference for open habitats and in spite of its adaptability, the appearance or disappearance of the wild horse could therefore be a suitable palaeoecological indicator for the opening of the Holocene primeval woodlands. We revised the dating and reliability of the subfossil record and dated several bones by atomic mass spectrometry14C dating. From the beginning of the Holocene (9600 cal a BC) to the end of the Atlantic Period (3750 cal a BC) there are 207 archaeological sites with wild horse records available in Europe.E. ferussurvived the Pleistocene Holocene transition in Europe, but the spatiotemporal dynamics of populations fluctuated remarkably in the early and middle Holocene. Small and sparse populations increasingly became extinct during the early Holocene, until between 7100 and 5500 cal a BC the wild horse was almost absent in central parts of the European Lowlands. Particular conditions in natural open patches in the canopy forests, chalklands and floodplains may have maintained the local survival of the horse in some regions of the Lowlands, however. In the Late Atlantic, between 5500 and 3750 cal a BC the range of the wild horse was again extended. It re‐immigrated into central and western Europe, probably as a consequence of increasing landscape opening by Neolithic peoples. The data presented here may be a valuable part of the debate on the degree of openness of the early and middle Holocene landscape. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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