Reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking.
Reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking.
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DOI：
10.1007/s00213-013-3054-4
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发表时间：
2013-08
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Karelitz, Joshua L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Perkins, Kenneth A.;Karelitz, Joshua L.
在动物中，尼古丁增强了与尼古丁摄入无关的刺激的强化。人体研究是有启发性的，但没有明确显示尼古丁的类似影响。我们评估了尼古丁通过吸烟对增强积极（金钱，音乐）或消极（终止噪音）奖励或无“奖励”（对照）的急性影响。这些不同的奖励决定了尼古丁效应的普遍性。依赖性（n=25）和非依赖性（n=27）吸烟者参加了三个会议，每一个通宵戒烟后。使用受试者内设计，研究涉及不吸烟或吸烟脱尼古丁（0.05 mg）或尼古丁（0.6 mg）QuestR品牌香烟。作为比较，第四个阶段涉及在吸烟自己品牌之前没有戒烟，以衡量在典型尼古丁饱和下的反应。强化进行了评估，一个简单的操作性的计算机任务的奖励，每个单独的渐进比例时间表在单独的试验。与去尼古丁香烟或不吸烟相比，尼古丁香烟对音乐的强化作用更大，而不是其他奖励。尼古丁的强化增强作用在依赖组和非依赖组之间没有差异，表明戒断缓解没有影响。戒烟后对急性尼古丁的反应与没有戒烟后对自己品牌的反应非常相似。戒烟后从吸烟中急性摄入尼古丁本身会增强与吸烟无关的奖励的强化价值，其方式可能与未戒烟后随意吸烟相当。尼古丁的强化增强效应可能是特定于某些奖励的，也许是那些感官上的。
In animals, nicotine enhances reinforcement from stimuli unrelated to nicotine intake. Human research is suggestive but has not clearly shown a similar influence of nicotine. We assessed acute effects of nicotine via smoking on enhancement of positive (money, music) or negative (termination of noise) reinforcers, or no “reward” (control). These different rewards determined the generalizability of nicotine effects. Dependent (n=25) and nondependent (n=27) smokers participated in three sessions, each after overnight abstinence. Using a within-subjects design, sessions involved no smoking or smoking denicotinized (0.05 mg) or nicotine (0.6 mg) QuestR brand cigarettes. For comparison, a fourth session involved no abstinence prior to smoking one’s own brand to gauge responses under typical nicotine satiation. Reinforcement was assessed by responses on a simple operant computer task for the rewards, each available singly on a progressive ratio schedule during separate trials. The reinforcing effect of music, but not other rewards, was greater due to the nicotine cigarette, compared to the denicotinized cigarette or no smoking. Reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine did not differ between dependent and nondependent groups, indicating no influence of withdrawal relief. Responding due to acute nicotine after abstinence was very similar to responding one’s own brand after no abstinence. Acute nicotine intake per se from smoking after abstinence enhances the reinforcing value of rewards unassociated with smoking, perhaps in a manner comparable to ad lib smoking after no abstinence. Nicotine’s reinforcement enhancing effects may be specific to certain rewards, perhaps those sensory in nature.
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