Structured foraging of soil predators unveils functional responses to bacterial defenses.
Structured foraging of soil predators unveils functional responses to bacterial defenses.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2210995119
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发表时间：
2022-12-27
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
觅食策略的特征是至关重要的预测和机械的理解，土壤原生动物捕食者，其中阿米巴是最丰富的微生物群落组成和动态的影响。我们发现，土壤变形虫的克隆种群入侵的空间结构的细菌基质自发分化成不同类型的运动亚群。这种策略决定了细菌消耗的速度和不同细菌抗捕食者防御的有效性。我们进一步表明，这样的细胞行为分化和协调运动是保守的，祖先的特征变形虫。由于分化和协调是多细胞发育的必要因素，我们的研究结果表明，单细胞觅食策略可能促进了多个独立的起源，多细胞跨土壤阿米巴。捕食者及其觅食策略往往决定生态系统的结构和功能。然而，原生动物捕食者在微生物土壤生态系统中的作用仍然是难以捉摸的，尽管这些生态系统的全球地球化学循环的重要性。特别是，土壤中最丰富的原生动物细菌捕食者-变形虫-使土壤养分矿化并形成细菌群落。然而，它们的觅食策略和它们作为微生物生态系统工程师的作用仍然未知。在这里，我们提出了一个多尺度的方法，连接微观单细胞分析和宏观的整个生态系统的动态，暴露了一个遗传广泛的觅食策略，其中阿米巴种群自发分区之间的细胞快速，极化运动和细胞缓慢，非极化运动。这种分化运动引起有效的菌落扩增和细菌底物的消耗。从这些见解，我们构建了一个理论模型，预测如何干扰变形虫的生长速度和运动破坏其捕食效率。这些干扰对应于不同类别的细菌防御，这使我们能够通过实验验证我们的预测。所有考虑，我们的阿米巴觅食特性确定阿米巴的流动性，而不是阿米巴的增长，作为捕食效率的核心决定因素和细菌防御系统的关键目标。
Characterization of foraging strategies is crucial to a predictive and mechanistic understanding of the impact that soil protozoan predators—of which amoebae are the most abundant—have on microbial community composition and dynamics. We show that a clonal population of soil amoebae invading a spatially structured bacterial matrix spontaneously differentiates into subpopulations with different types of movement. This strategy determines both the rates of bacteria consumption and the effectiveness of different bacterial antipredator defenses. We further show that such cell behavior differentiation and coordinated movement are conserved, ancestral features of amoebozoans. Since differentiation and coordination are necessary elements of multicellular development, our results suggest that unicellular foraging strategies could have facilitated the multiple independent origins of multicellularity across soil amoebae. Predators and their foraging strategies often determine ecosystem structure and function. Yet, the role of protozoan predators in microbial soil ecosystems remains elusive despite the importance of these ecosystems to global biogeochemical cycles. In particular, amoebae—the most abundant soil protozoan predator of bacteria—remineralize soil nutrients and shape the bacterial community. However, their foraging strategies and their role as microbial ecosystem engineers remain unknown. Here, we present a multiscale approach, connecting microscopic single-cell analysis and macroscopic whole ecosystem dynamics, to expose a phylogenetically widespread foraging strategy, in which an amoeba population spontaneously partitions between cells with fast, polarized movement and cells with slow, unpolarized movement. Such differentiated motion gives rise to efficient colony expansion and consumption of the bacterial substrate. From these insights, we construct a theoretical model that predicts how disturbances to amoeba growth rate and movement disrupt their predation efficiency. These disturbances correspond to distinct classes of bacterial defenses, which allows us to experimentally validate our predictions. All considered, our characterization of amoeba foraging identifies amoeba mobility, and not amoeba growth, as the core determinant of predation efficiency and a key target for bacterial defense systems.
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影响因子：
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