Exposure to atrazine and selected non-persistent pesticides among corn farmers during a growing season.
Exposure to atrazine and selected non-persistent pesticides among corn farmers during a growing season.
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DOI：
10.1038/jes.2008.53
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发表时间：
2009-09
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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目的是对农民接触阿特拉津的农药进行定量估计，并在纵向分子流行病学研究中概述玉米农民中选定的非持久性农药的背景水平。研究人群包括来自爱荷华州的30名农业健康研究农民和10名非农业对照。农民于2002年3月至2003年11月完成了关于农药使用和其他暴露决定因素的每日和每周日记。在与阿特拉津施用和其他农业活动相关的10个时间点收集尿液样本。使用尿液代谢物和日记来评估农药暴露。除异唑磷（1.5 μg/l）和二嗪农（0.7 μg/l）外，其余农药分析物的检出限（LOD）在0.1 ~ 0.2 μg/l之间。种植期间，农民尿中阿特拉津汞（AZM）几何平均值高于对照组（1.1 vs. <检测限/g肌酐，p<0.05）。农民中AZM水平与阿特拉津施用量显著相关（p=0.015）。有趣的是，即使排除了收集尿液前7天内使用阿特拉津的观察结果，农民高于检出限的样本比例也高于对照组（38%对6%，p<0.0001）。在2,4- d和乙草胺中也观察到类似的模式（分别为92%对47%，p<0.0001和45%对4%，p<0.0001）。农民尿中AZM水平很大程度上受近期使用阿特拉津的影响。因此，在流行病学研究中，应用阿特拉津的量可能为阿特拉津暴露提供有效的替代指标。非持久性农药，特别是2,4- d的背景水平升高，表明了在流行病学研究中捕捉可能与实际应用没有直接关系的农药暴露的重要性。
The aim was to develop quantitative estimates of farmers’ pesticide exposure to atrazine and to provide an overview of background levels of selected non-persistent pesticides among corn farmers in a longitudinal molecular epidemiologic study. The study population consisted of 30 Agricultural Health Study farmers from Iowa and 10 nonfarming controls. Farmers completed daily and weekly diaries from March to November in 2002 and 2003 on pesticide use and other exposure determinants. Urine samples were collected at 10 timepoints relative to atrazine application and other farming activities. Pesticide exposure was assessed using urinary metabolites and diaries. The analytical limit of detection (LOD) ranged between 0.1–0.2 μg/l for all pesticide analytes except for isazaphos (1.5 μg/l) and diazinon (0.7 μg/l). Farmers had higher geometric mean urinary atrazine mercapturate (AZM) values than controls during planting (1.1 vs. <limit of detection μg/g creatinine; p<0.05). AZM levels among farmers were significantly related to the amount of atrazine applied (p=0.015). Interestingly, farmers had a larger proportion of samples above the limit of detection than controls even after exclusion of observations with an atrazine application within 7 days before urine collection (38% vs. 6%, p<0.0001). A similar pattern was observed for 2,4-D and acetochlor (92% vs. 47%, p<0.0001 and 45% vs. 4%, p<0.0001, respectively). Urinary AZM levels in farmers were largely driven by recent application of atrazine. Therefore, the amount of atrazine applied is likely to provide valid surrogates of atrazine exposure in epidemiologic studies. Elevated background levels of non-persistent pesticides, especially 2,4-D, indicate importance in epidemiologic studies of capturing pesticide exposures that might not be directly related to the actual application.
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500428
发表时间：
2005-11-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
影响因子：
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作者：
Curwin, BD;Hein, MJ;Alavanja, MC
通讯作者：
Alavanja, MC
影响因子：
7.4
作者：
Olsson, AO;Baker, SE;Barr, DB
通讯作者：
Barr, DB
影响因子：
7.4
作者：
Gilman, SD;Gee, SJ;Maibach, HI
通讯作者：
Maibach, HI
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Stewart, PA;Prince, JK;Ward, MH
通讯作者：
Ward, MH
影响因子：
3.6
作者：
Vermeulen, R;De Roos, AJ;Alavanja, MC
通讯作者：
Alavanja, MC