Trace Elements and Radionuclides in North Atlantic Precipitation

在过去的10-15年里，大气化学已经从一门主要致力于城市污染和空气质量局部问题的年轻研究学科发展成为一门关注从半球到全球范围内各种化学物种的循环的成熟科学。在很大程度上，这一变化是因为人们日益认识到，人类活动可能对自然对流层造成化学干扰，其规模远远超出了当地的关切。众所周知的例子包括某些氮化合物、铅和其他重金属、人造放射性核素、一些合成有机物质、某些产酸物种、二氧化碳和甲烷的区域对全球浓度的变化。大气中的这些化学变化通常会延伸到地球的土壤、海洋和远离原始来源地区的生物群。它们可能导致地球气候的变化，改变重要的营养循环，并对地球上的公众健康和生活质量产生重大影响。大气/海洋化学实验(AEROCE)将是一个以北大西洋区域为中心的协调的多机构大气和海洋化学研究项目。AEROCE项目的最终目标将是发展对北大西洋上空海洋对流层观察到的大陆衍生物种的预测能力。AEROCE的场地选择和测量方案是由模型师和现场实验者共同开发的。AEROCE项目的这一部分涉及检查北大西洋降水中的微量元素(Al、As、Cd、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Sb、Se和Zn)，以评估大陆衍生物质向海洋的大气输送和沉积。之所以选择北大西洋，是因为它被这些元素相对强大的自然和人为来源所包围。对降水进行采样是因为它在很大程度上负责海洋对流层中的微量元素沉积。这些数据将与相关气溶胶中的数据进行比较，以帮助确定北大西洋上空痕量元素的来源，帮助确认相关的气团轨迹信息，并帮助评估海洋降水对痕量元素的去除程度。相应的湿通量数据将揭示降水对北大西洋微量元素收支的贡献。具体地说，这些湿大气通量占全球海洋通量的很大一部分，并最终影响海洋表层水的生物生产力。为了实现研究目标，中国人民解放军S将利用一套精心挑选的微量元素，采用天气采集程序，通过内部校准和质量控制协议确保数据准确，并与其他研究成果充分整合。

Over the past 10-15 years atmospheric chemistry has evolved from a young research discipline devoted primarily to local problems of urban pollution and air quality to a mature science concerned with the hemispheric to global scale cycling of a wide variety of chemical species. To a large extent this change has resulted from an increasing realization that human activities can cause chemical disturbances to the natural troposphere on scales far beyond local concerns. Well-known examples include changes in the regional-to-global concentrations of certain nitrogen compounds, lead and other heavy metals, artificial radionuclides, a number of synthetic organic substances, certain acid-forming species, carbon dioxide and methane. These chemical changes in the atmosphere can often extend to the earth's soils, oceans, and biota far from the original source region. They can result in alterations in the earth's climate, changes in vital nutrient cycles, and impact significantly on the public health and quality of life on earth. The Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment (AEROCE) will be a coordinated multi-institutional atmospheric and marine chemistry research project centered in the North Atlantic region. The ultimate goal of the AEROCE project will be the development of a predictive capability for the continentally derived species observed in the marine troposphere over the North Atlantic. The selection of sites and the measurement protocol in AEROCE has been developed jointly by modelers and field experimentalists. This element of the AEROCE project is concerned with examining trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sb, Se, and Zn) in precipitation to the North Atlantic to assess atmospheric transport and deposition of continentally derived material to the sea. The North Atlantic is chosen because it is surrounded by relatively strong natural and anthropogenic sources of these elements. Precipitation is sampled because it is largely responsible for trace element deposition from the marine troposphere. The data will be compared to that in associated aerosols to help identify sources of trace elements over the North Atlantic, to help confirm associated air mass trajectory information, and to help evaluate the extent of trace element removal by marine precipitation. The corresponding wet flux data will reveal the contribution of precipitation to North Atlantic trace elements budgets. Specifically, these wet atmospheric fluxes comprise a significant portion of the global ocean flux and ultimately influence the biological productivity of oceanic surface waters. To meet the research objectives, the P.I.'s will utilize a carefully selected suite of trace elements, employ synoptic collection procedures, ensure accurate data through intercalibration and quality control protocols, and integrate fully with other research results.