Trace Elements in the Atmosphere Over the North Atlantic: Concentrations, Sources, and Fluxes

在过去的10-15年里，大气化学从 一门年轻的研究学科，主要致力于研究当地的 城市污染和空气质量成为一门成熟的科学， 从半球到全球范围各种化学物质循环 物种 在很大程度上，这种变化是由于 越来越多的人认识到，人类活动可能会导致化学物质 对自然对流层的扰动，其规模远远超过当地 性问题 众所周知的例子包括 某些含氮化合物、铅、 和其他重金属，人工放射性核素，一些 合成有机物、某些产酸物质、碳 二氧化碳和甲烷。 大气中的这些化学变化 经常延伸到地球的土壤，海洋和远离地球的生物群。 原产地。 它们会导致 地球气候、重要营养循环的变化及其影响 对地球上的公众健康和生活质量有着重大影响。 大气/海洋化学实验（AEROCE） 协调的多机构大气和海洋化学 研究项目集中在北大西洋地区。 最终 AEROCE项目的目标是开发一种预测性的 在海洋中观察到的来自大陆的物种的能力 北大西洋上空的海洋对流层。 的选址 AEROCE中的测量协议是由 建模者和实地实验者。 AEROCE的研究内容将涉及研究 通过测量北大西洋上空大气中的微量元素 在AEROCE网络站点的大气样本中。 这些数据 将被用于发展大气化学气候学 在北大西洋上空，即，平均数的描述 微量元素的浓度和时间和面积 手段的可变性。 将特别强调 评估物理，化学和生物过程如何在 大气和海洋影响痕量元素的浓度和通量 元素 雨水对沙尘的输送和清除 将进行调查，以了解化学和海气 矿物尘埃的交换与地球化学循环相耦合， 其他物质。 改进了对下列物质的分布和通量的估计： 大气海盐将通过考虑以下组合来制造： 影响海盐生产的变量。 化学示踪剂将 用来描绘某些元素的浓度， 采样点周围沃茨的生物生产力。

Over the past 10-15 years atmospheric chemistry has evolved from a young research discipline devoted primarily to local problems of urban pollution and air quality to a mature science concerned with the hemispheric to global scale cycling of a wide variety of chemical species. To a large extent this change has resulted from an increasing realization that human activities can cause chemical disturbances to the natural troposphere on scales far beyond local concerns. Well-known examples include changes in the regional-to-global concentrations of certain nitrogen compounds, lead and other heavy metals, artificial radionuclides, a number of synthetic organic substances, certain acid-forming species, carbon dioxide and methane. These chemical changes in the atmosphere can often extend to the earth's soils, oceans, and biota far from the original source region. They can result in alterations in the earth's climate, changes in vital nutrient cycles, and impact significantly on the public health and quality of life on earth. The Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment (AEROCE) will be a coordinated multi-institutional atmospheric and marine chemistry research project centered in the North Atlantic region. The ultimate goal of the AEROCE project will be the development of a predictive capability for the continentally derived species observed in the marine troposphere over the North Atlantic. The selection of sites and the measurement protocol in AEROCE has been developed jointly by modelers and field experimentalists. This AEROCE research element will be concerned with studying trace elements in the atmosphere over the North Atlantic by measuring in atmospheric samples from the AEROCE Network sites. These data will be used to develop a chemical climatology for the atmosphere over the North Atlantic, i.e., a description of the mean concentrations of the trace elements and the temporal and areal variability of the means. Particular emphasis will be placed on assessing how physical, chemical, and biological processes in the atmosphere and oceans affect the concentrations and fluxes of trace elements. The transport of dust and the scavenging of dust by rain will be investigated to understand how the chemistry and air-sea exchange of mineral dust is coupled to the geochemical cycling of other substances. Improved estimates of the distribution and flux of atmospheric sea-salt will be made by considering combinations of variables that affect sea-salt production. Chemical tracers will be used to delineate the concentrations of certain elements and the biological productivity of the waters bordering the sampling sites.