Study of the Causes and Consequences of the International- ization of U.S. Manufacturing

这项建议建议美国国家科学院制造业研究委员会成立一个委员会，进行一项研究，以审查制造企业对日益激烈的国际竞争做出战略反应的原因和后果。这些战略包括外国直接投资、外包、与外国公司的合资企业、许可协议、外国公司在美国的直接投资以及合作研发协议。该委员会将由大约25名成员组成，他们拥有一般制造、国际运营、营销、劳资关系、工程、研究和金融方面的专业知识。这项研究应该全面评估美国制造商为保持在国际市场上的竞争力而采取的战略的动机和后果。该委员会计划通过比较劳动力和资本成本、研发支出以及先进制造技术的状况、可获得性和利用率等因素来确定国际制造环境的趋势。这项研究应该确定为什么企业管理者在国际竞争中选择不同的应对措施，确定政府政策对他们决策的影响，研究这些决策可能如何影响美国制造商进行先进研发以进行有效创新和竞争的长期能力，并评估这些不同战略对美国持续的经济、技术和军事实力的长期影响。第一阶段将在国内开发和测试该方法(涉及3-4家公司和几个行业)。第二阶段将扩大调查范围，以包括更多国内领域的公司和行业(涉及多达20家公司和5-6个行业)。如果从其他来源获得更多资金，将进行第三阶段。第三阶段，如果进行，将比较国内制造商对选定的外国同行的压力和反应(将涉及至多20家国内公司，5-6个国内行业；至多20家外国公司和5-6个外国行业；日本和欧洲)。

This proposal is for the Manufacturing Studies Board of the National Academy of Sciences to establish a committee to conduct a study to examine the causes and consequences of the strategic responses by manufacturing firms to increasing international competition. Such strategies include foreign direct investment, outsourcing, joint ventures with foreign firms, licensing agreements, direct investment by foreign companies in the United States, and cooperative R&D agreements. The committee will comprise approximately 25 members who have expertise in general manufacturing, international operations, marketing, labor relations, engineering, research, and finance. This study should provide a comprehensive evaluation of the motivations for and consequences of the strategies used by U.S. manufacturers to remain competitive in the international marketplace. The committee plans to identify trends in the international manufacturing environment in terms of factors such as comparative labor and capital costs, R&D expenditures, and the state, availability, and utilization of advanced manufacturing technologies. The study should determine why corporate managers are choosing different responses to international competition, identify the effects of government policies on their decisions, examine how such decisions may affect the long-term ability of U.S. manufacturers to conduct advanced R&D to innovate and compete effectively, and assess the long-term repercussions of these various strategies on continued U.S. economic, technical, and military strength. Phase I will develop and test the methodology in the domestic arena (involves 3-4 companies and a couple of industries). Phase II will expand the investigation to include additional firms and industries in the domestic arena (involves up to 20 companies and 5- 6 industries). Phase III will be conducted if additional funds become available from other sources. Phase III, if conducted, would compare the pressures and responses of domestic manufacturers to selected foreign counterparts (would involve up to 20 domestic companies, 5-6 domestic industries; up to 20 foreign companies and 5-6 foreign industries; Japan and Europe).