Collaborative Research: Interaction Goals and Self- Fulfilling Prophecies

合作研究：互动目标和自我实现的预言

• 批准号: 8717784
• 负责人: James Hilton
• 金额: $ 12.7万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 1987
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1987-09-01 至 1991-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=8717784&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Interaction; Goals; Self

The self-fulfilling prophecy is one of the most important theoretical notions to have arisen in social psychology. The idea that one individual, entrapped in the expectations and stereotypes of others, can somehow be caused to fulfill those expectations, holds out the promise of understanding many important social phenomena, ranging from the ways in which negatively stereotyped children are left behind in the educational process, to the ways in which those who have sought treatment for mental illness are labelled by others and treated in a fashion that can sustain or increase their difficulties. Despite the clear social importance of the self-fulfilling prophecy, there has been little theory developed to predict the conditions under which the effect will take place, or to specify how the effect can be avoided. Darley and Hilton outline a general model of social interaction and perception which emphasizes the goal-directed nature of these endeavors. Based upon this model, these researchers derive specific predictions about both the occurrence and non-occurrence of self-fulfilling prophecy effects and will conduct a series of experiments which test these predictions. If these predictions are confirmed, then two purposes will have been fulfilled. First, there will be evidence for the validity of a view of social interaction and perception in which the strategies and goals of the participants are accorded central importance. Second, there will be a good deal of evidence about the workings of the self-fulfilling prophecy. More specifically, there will be some confirmation for a theory that specifies not just that self-fulfilling prophecies exist, but begins to delimit the conditions under which these prophecy effects occur. At the level of policy, this should mean that we can go beyond deploring the existence of self-fulfilling prophecies and "cautioning against" their occurrence, to make some specific recommendations about how their pernicious effects can be avoided or even reversed.

自我实现预言是社会心理学中出现的最重要的理论概念之一。 一个陷入他人期望和刻板印象中的个体可以以某种方式实现这些期望，这一想法为理解许多重要的社会现象带来了希望，包括从消极刻板印象的儿童在教育过程中落后的方式，到那些寻求精神疾病治疗的人被他人贴上标签并以一种可以维持或增加他们的困难的方式进行治疗。 尽管自我实现预言具有明显的社会重要性，但几乎没有发展出理论来预测该效应发生的条件，或具体说明如何避免该效应。 达利和希尔顿概述了社会互动和感知的一般模型，强调了这些努力的目标导向性质。 基于这个模型，这些研究人员得出关于自我实现预言效应发生和不发生的具体预测，并将进行一系列实验来检验这些预测。 如果这些预测得到证实，那么两个目的就达到了。 首先，将有证据证明社会互动和感知观点的有效性，其中参与者的策略和目标被赋予核心重要性。 其次，将会有大量证据证明自我实现预言的运作。 更具体地说，将会有一种理论得到一些证实，该理论不仅明确了自我实现预言的存在，而且开始界定这些预言效应发生的条件。 在政策层面，这应该意味着我们不仅可以对自我实现预言的存在感到遗憾并“警惕”它们的发生，还可以就如何避免甚至扭转其有害影响提出一些具体建议。