A Neuroanatomical and Electrophysiological Analysis of the Motor Units of the Major Flight Muscles in the Pigeon (Columba livia) and Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

建议的神经解剖学和电生理学研究 鸟类的主要飞行肌肉是用来提供 1）神经肌肉设计的演变， 四足动物，2）运动神经元和肌肉的募集 单位（收缩速度、力产生、疲劳性） 功能性分离的运动单位从主要 胸降肌和胸上提肌 翅膀。 糖原消耗技术将允许描述 每种神经支配比例和外周分布模式 单位类型，以及提供第一个组织化学- 鸟类飞行中肌纤维的生理相关性 肌肉. 电动机的分布和一般形态 这些肌肉中的每一块的脊髓内的核将被 用解剖学示踪剂（辣根过氧化物酶）建立。 预期结果的意义如下：第一， Goslow的假说认为，在进化的过程中， 四足动物的运动系统，神经控制机制 对于四足动物在运动过程中的肩部功能 相对保守的将通过检查 神经肌肉组织 第二，在胸肌内， 鸽子在飞行过程中，两个肌纤维之间的招聘 物种的多样性似乎符合“大小原则”。" 然而，肌肉纤维力学和效率理论表明， 需氧纤维（80%）的种群的补充顺序， 在鸽子中，在椋鸟中为100%）。 拟议 研究提供了第一个详细的结构和 飞行肌肉运动单位的功能组织， 让我们来评估这些假设。

The proposed neuroanatomical and electrophysiological study of the major flight muscles of birds is designed to provide data relevant to 1) the evolution of neuromuscular design among tetrapods, and 2) the recruitment of motor motoneuron and muscle unit (contraction speed, force production, fatigability) properties of functionally isolated motor units from the major depressor (pectoralis) and elevator (supracoracoideus) muscles of the wing. Glycogen depletion techniques will permit description of innervation ratio and peripheral distribution patterns of each unit type, as well as provide the first histochemical- physiological correlation for muscle fibers in avian flight muscles. The distribution and general morphology of the motor nuclei within the spinal cord for each of these muscles will be established with an anatomical tracer (horseradish peroxidase). The significance of expected results is as follows: First, Goslow's hypothesis that throughout the evolution of diverse locomotor systems among tetrapods, the neural control mechanism for tetrapod shoulder function during locomotion has remained relatively conservative will be evaluated by examining the neuromuscular organization. Second, within the pectoralis of pigeons during flight, recruitment between two muscle fiber species appears to be consistent with the "size principle." However, theory of muscle fiber mechanics and efficiency suggests that the recruitment order in populations of aerobic fibers (80% in pigeons, 100% in starlings) may not be ordered. The proposed study offers the first detailed account of the structural and functional organization of flight muscle motor units which will allow evaluation of these hypotheses.