Evolution of Miocene Fluvial Environments in Northern Pakistan

中新世西瓦利克沉积物的详细沉积学研究 巴基斯坦北方的Potwar高原。 时间和空间变化的河流古环境将是 根据古河道和河漫滩几何形状重建， 水力学、湖沃茨化学、古土壤性质 动植物活动的分布，河流改道， 沉积速率 这些字符的变化将与 局部、区域和/或全球控制，包括气候， 构造作用和沉积物供给。 这样就有可能 了解陆地生物进化的一个重要时期， 与物理和化学环境变化的关系 我的BP在14到7之间。西瓦利克的沉积物提供了一个 实现这些目标的无与伦比的机会，因为： 1)3000 m +地层的出色3D曝光; 2）以前 岩石地层学、古脊椎动物学和 古地磁定年; 3）独立的气候约束 地质变化和构造活动， 沉积盆地以外的地区。 理解 河流沉积物的演化（包括其中所含的化石） 对构造运动和气候的反应， 全世界所有年龄的人。 这些知识具有经济意义 因为河流沉积物通常是水，油， 天然气也是煤、黄金、铀和建筑的来源 材料.

A detailed sedimentological study of the Miocene Siwalik deposits of the Potwar Plateau in northern Pakistan is proposed. Temporally and spatially varying fluvial paleoenvironments will be reconstructed in terms of paleochannel and floodplain geometry and hydraulics, chemistry of lacustrine waters, nature of paleosols, distribution of animal and plant activity, river diversions, and deposition rates. Changes in these characters will be related to local, regional and/or global controls including climate, tectonism, and sediment supply. It will then be possible to understand an important period of evolution of land organisms in relation to changes in the physical and chemical environment over a period between 14 and 7 my B.P. The Siwalik deposits offer an unparalleled opportunity to realise these objectives because of: 1) excellent 3-D exposures of 3000 m + of strata; 2) previous studies of lithostratigraphy, vertebrate paleontology, and paleomagnetic age-dating; 3) independent constraints on climatic change and tectonic activity using geologic data now available for areas outside the depositional basin. Understanding of the evolution of fluival deposits (including the fossils they contain) in response to tectonism and climate has implications for rocks of all ages worldwide. Such knowledge has economic implications because fluival deposits are commonly reservoirs for water, oil, and gas, also are sources of coal, gold, uranium, and building materials.