Strategy in a Clientelist and Populist Milieu: The Dynamicsof Electoral Politics in Brazil, 1978-1990

巴西目前正在完成一个长期的过渡， 走向完全民主制度。 为了让民主统治持续下去， 立法机构必须为解决国家的 严重的社会和经济问题。 人们越来越关注， 但是，国会被削弱是由于一些因素： 由于缺乏强有力的政党认同， 选民;代表们不能沿着党派路线联合起来 在国家问题上;党的领导人未能保持党的 联盟;代表们对分肥立法的关注 和赞助 本项目通过以下方式解决这些问题： 调查1978年至1999年巴西的国会选举 1990. 巴西的问题在一定程度上是制度性的结果。 巴西的选举结构。 巴西的选举制度是 比例，每个国家组成一个单独的多成员国 区的 然而，选民投票给个人，而不是 候选人得票的先后顺序 决定胜利者。 这种体制结构，加上 巴西社会的庇护性质，鼓励许多代表 将他们的竞选活动限制在独立的次州地区。 一群 代表可能代表一个政党，但他们的真正方向 是本地的还是区域性的 代表们可能会非常关心 工作和项目的居民他们bailiwicks，而 对他们来说，国家问题的立法变得不重要。 连任机会 直到最近，州以下选举结果的缺席 使认真的分析成为不可能，但最近发布的县级 结果使学者们开始研究这个问题。 在 除了对调查结果进行统计分析外， 在1978年至1990年的四次选举中，调查人员将采访 国会议员，记者和学者关于竞选策略， 战术 此外，投票记录和委员会的策略将被 审查，以及代表在国会的行为。 该项目的主要目标是了解如何 传统的社会组织形式 以及这种互动是如何 受移民、通信媒体扩张的影响， 改善交通。 研究人员还调查了 国会候选人的策略面临着某些 体制和社会的激励和制约因素。 最后 该项目旨在进一步了解政治影响 拉丁美洲向民主过渡的机构 整体而言，特别是在立法行为的种类方面， 机构鼓励。

Brazil is currently completing a long transition away from military rule toward a fully democratic system. For democratic rule to last, the legislature must contribute to the solution of the country's critical social and economic problems. There is increasing concern, however, that the congress is weakened due to a number of factors: the absence of strong party identification on the part of the electorate; the inability of deputies to coalesce along party lines on national issues; the failure of party leaders to maintain party coalitions; and, the focus of deputies on pork-barrel legislation and patronage. This project attends to these issues by investigating congressional elections in Brazil between 1978 and 1990. The problems in Brazil are in part the result of the institutional structure of Brazilian elections. Brazil's electoral system is proportional, with each state constituting an individual multi-member district. Voters, however, cast ballots for individuals, not parties, and the order of votes received by individual candidates determines winners. This institutional structure, coupled with the clientelistic nature of Brazilian society, encourages many deputies to restrict their campaigning to discrete sub-state regions. A group of deputies may represent a single party, but their true orientation is local or regional. Deputies may care a great deal about bringing jobs and projects to the residents of their bailiwicks, while legislation on national issues becomes unimportant to their reelection chances. Until recently, the absence of election results below the state level made serious analysis impossible, but recently released county-level results enable scholars to begin to investigate the problem. In addition to undertaking a statistical analysis of the results of the four elections between 1978 and 1990, the investigator will interview congressmen, journalists and academics about campaign strategies and tactics. In addition, voting records and committee tactics will be examined, as well as the behavior of deputies in the Congress. The major objective of the project is to understand how traditionalist clientelistic forms of societal organization interact over time with political institutions and how this interaction is affected by migration, the expansion of communications media, and improved transportation. The researchers also investigate the strategies of congressional candidates faced with certain institutional and societal incentives and constraints. Finally, the project seeks to further understanding of the impact of political institutions on the transition to democracy in Latin America as a whole, especially in terms of the kinds of legislative behavior institutions encourage.