Cautionary Paradigms for Engineering Design

人为错误已被确定为失败的主要原因 从简单结构到复杂结构的工程设计 系统. 如何将错误引入设计的模型 这一过程不仅将深入了解一个经常被忽视的问题， 设计理论和方法论方面，但也是一种理解 如何在未来的设计中减少错误。 基于设计错误的经典例子的范例， 避免错误是最有效的接近方法 由于人为设计错误导致故障问题将 开发 通过基于实际案例研究的范式， 元素可以自然地合并，并使注意事项相关 实践设计师。 因为失败的概念为我们提供了一个统一的主题， 设计过程的所有组成部分，基于令人信服的范例 失败和避免失败的案例研究也提出了一个 将过去大量的设计经验统一为一个 相干结构 此外，通过提炼设计 从范例中的原则，从一个 工程领域将更容易转移到其他领域。 这将使设计理论家、实践者和学生 都有独特的广泛的经验基础， 例子. 一般设计范式可以基于以下假设： 具体的案例历史将通过证明一个 大量的其他案例研究也显示出同样的设计错误 或避免错误的原则。 支持性案例研究将 从几个历史时期得出， 体现在范例中的设计原则是真正永恒的 并且独立于最先进的技术。案例研究将 也可以从一系列工程领域中提取，以证明 一般设计假设的有效性，从而 证明了范式的普遍适用性。

Human error has been identified as a major cause of failure in engineering designs ranging from simple structures to complex systems. A model of how errors are introduced into the design process will provide not only insight into an often neglected aspect of design theory and methodology but also an understanding of how errors may be reduced in future designs. Paradigms based on classic examples of design error and error avoidance constitute a most effective means of approaching the problem of failure due to human design error will be developed. By basing paradigms on actual case studies, the human element can be naturally incorporated and caveats made relevant to practicing designers. Since the concept of failure provides a unifying theme for all components of the design process, paradigms based on cogent case studies of failure and failure avoidance also present a means of unifying the large mass of past design experience into a coherent structure. Furthermore, by distilling design principles from the paradigms, the lessons learned in one engineering domain will be more easily transferrable to others. This will enable design theorists, practitioners, and students alike to have access to a uniquely broad base of experience and examples. The hypothesis that general design paradigms can be based on specific case histories will be tested by demonstrating that a wide variety of other case studies exhibit the same design error or error avoidance principles. The supporting case studies will be drawn from several historical periods to demonstrate that the design principles embodied in the paradigms are truly timeless and independent of the state-of-the-art. The case studies will also be drawn from a range of engineering domains to demonstrate the validity of the hypothesis for design generally and thus to demonstrate the universal applicability of the paradigms.