Global Models of Chemical Fluxes in the Oceans

从海洋表面进入深海的化学通量随营养物质的供应、光的可获得性以及新产生的物质在局部湍流和下沉中的扩散而在海洋中变化。需要资金继续开发全球尺度模式，该模式将生物和化学成分纳入模拟海洋物理强迫主要特征的三维海洋环流模式。为此，我们已经开发了一系列描述上层海洋生态和水柱变化的组件模式，并进行了第一系列三维模拟，其中这些组件已分别包含在海洋GCM中。我们的大西洋GCM上层海洋生态模式，同时再现了海洋生物的总体特征，如春季水华，副热带环流的低生产力和赤道地区的高生产力存在许多问题，其中一些问题可以追溯到全球气候机制，另一些问题则是生态模式造成的。我们建议进行一系列分辨率更高、更现实的GCM的新实验；并致力于我们的生态系统模型的持续发展，将浮游植物和浮游动物的两个大小类别纳入我们的首要任务。我们还建议进入一个新阶段，与JGOFS调查人员密切合作，分析北大西洋布卢姆实验的结果，并规划未来的研究，如太平洋赤道实验。我们的世界海洋GCM水柱转化模型显示，当除了颗粒有机物外还包括溶解有机物的形成和再生时，它与观测结果的拟合程度有所提高。除了继续努力提高我们对水柱中溶解有机物的产生和再生的了解(这一过程将得到更多测量的极大帮助)，我们建议继续开发一个更详细的粒子动力学模型，该模型利用我们在上层海洋中采用的生态系统方法和由活性痕量金属放射性同位素获得的观测约束。我们还建议完成一项正在进行的对Redfield比率的重新分析，到目前为止，这一重新分析表明，在1000米以下沉没的有机氮中，有多达四分之一可能正在反硝化。

Chemical fluxes from the ocean's surface into the deep sea vary over the ocean in response to the supply of nutrients, the availability of light, and the dispersion of newly-produced material by local turbulence and sinking. Funding is requested to continue the development of global scale models which integrate biological and chemical components into three- dimensional ocean general circulation models (GCM's) that simulate the major features on the ocean's physical forcing. Towards this end we have already developed a series of component models describing the upper ocean ecology and water column transformations, and carried out a first series of three-dimensional simulations in which these components have been included separately in ocean GCM's. Our Atlantic Ocean GCM model of upper ocean ecology, while reproducing the gross features of ocean biology, such as the spring bloom, low productivity in the subtropical gyre, and high productivity in the equatorial region, has numerous problems, some of which can be traced to the GCM, and others of which are due to the ecology model. We propose to carry out a series of new experiments with higher resolution, more realistic GCM's; and to work on the continued development of our ecosystem model, with the inclusion of 2 size classes of phytoplankton and zooplankton being our first priority. We also propose to enter a new phase in our work of working closely with JGOFS investigators in analyzing the results of the North Atlantic Bloom Experiment, and planning future studies such as the Pacific Equatorial Experiment. Our world ocean GCM model of water column transformations shows an improved fit to observations when the formation and regeneration of dissolved organic matter is included in addition to particulate organic matter. In addition to continuing our effort to improve our understanding of the production and regeneration of dissolved organic matter in the water column (a process which will be greatly helped by additional measurements), we propose to proceed on development of a more detailed model of particle dynamics which makes use of the ecosystem approach we have employed in the upper ocean and the observational constraints obtained by reactive trace metals radioisotopes. We also propose to complete an ongoing reanalysis of Redfield ratios which thus far suggests that as much as 1/4 of the organic nitrogen sinking below 1000 m may be getting denitrified.