Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM)

南大洋碳和气候观测与模拟（SOCCOM）项目旨在推动我们对南大洋在吸收人为碳和热量以及从深海向地表补充营养物质方面的关键作用的理解发生变革。一项观测计划将产生大量新的生物地球化学数据，这些数据将大大改善对南大洋动态和生态系统反应的看法。一个模拟组件将应用这些观测结果来加强对当前海洋的了解，减少对未来碳和养分循环以及气候预测的不确定性。由于南大洋是海洋中层、深海和海底与表层以及大气相互作用的主要通道，因此它对海洋对人为碳和热量的吸收以及从深海到海洋表面的营养补给有着深远的影响。然而，它是世界海洋中观测和了解最少的区域。海洋学界正处于两项重大进展的风口浪尖，这两项进展有可能改变人们对南大洋的认识。首先是开发新的生物地球化学传感器，安装在自主剖面浮标上，可以在5到10天的时间分辨率下对三维空间的海洋生物地球化学和酸化进行采样。提出的SOCCOM浮子计划将使每月在南大洋测量的生物地球化学剖面的平均数量增加10-30倍。其次，气候模拟界现在拥有计算资源和物理知识，可以开发完全耦合的气候模型，这些模型可以代表南大洋关键的中尺度过程，以及相应的模型，这些模型可以吸收观测结果以产生状态估计。与观测结果一起，新一代的模式提供了工具，大大提高了对南大洋过程的理解，并能够定量评估目前和未来人为碳和热量的吸收，以及营养物质的再补给。为了利用上述技术和建模方面的突破，SOCCOM将实施以下研究项目：*主题1：观察。斯克里普斯海洋研究所将领导一个实地项目，以扩大南大洋自主分析浮标的数量，并为它们配备测量pH值、硝酸盐和氧气的传感器。华盛顿大学和蒙特利湾水族馆研究所将设计、建造和监督花车的部署。斯克里普斯还将开发一个中尺度的南大洋涡旋状态估计，将物理和生物地球化学数据吸收到麻省理工学院的海洋环流模型中。*主题2：建模。亚利桑那大学和普林斯顿大学将与美国国家海洋和大气管理局的地球物理流体动力学实验室（GFDL）一起，利用SOCCOM的观测数据开发数据/模型评估指标和下一代模型分析与评估，目标是提高对过程水平的理解，减少对未来气候预测的不确定性。气候中心是一个独立的非营利性新闻和研究组织，旨在促进人们对气候科学的理解。在气候中心的领导下，SOCCOM将与教育工作者和媒体专业人士合作，向政策制定者和公众通报气候变化的挑战及其对南大洋海洋生物的影响。此外，由SOCCOM科学家和教育工作者组成的综合团队将：*通过已建立的数据网络、出版物、广播媒体和公共门户网站，将SOCCOM工作的数据和结果迅速传达给公众；*培养新一代多样化的海洋科学家，包括精通实地技术、数据校准、建模和向非科学家交流研究的本科生、研究生和博士后；*向自动仪表供应商和制造商转让新的传感器技术和相关软件，以确保它们得到广泛使用。

Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) project seeks to drive a transformative shift in our understanding of the crucial role of the Southern Ocean in taking up anthropogenic carbon and heat, and resupplying nutrients from the abyss to the surface. An observational program will generate vast amounts of new biogeochemical data that will provide a greatly improved view of the dynamics and ecosystem responses of the Southern Ocean. A modeling component will apply these observations to enhancing understanding of the current ocean, reducing uncertainty in projections of future carbon and nutrient cycles and climate.Because it serves as the primary gateway through which the intermediate, deep, and bottom waters of the ocean interact with the surface layers and thus the atmosphere, the Southern Ocean has a profound influence on the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon and heat as well as nutrient resupply from the abyss to the surface. Yet it is the least observed and understood region of the world ocean. The oceanographic community is on the cusp of two major advances that have the potential to transform understanding of the Southern Ocean. The first is the development of new biogeochemical sensors mounted on autonomous profiling floats that allow sampling of ocean biogeochemistry and acidification in 3-dimensional space with a temporal resolution of five to ten days. The SOCCOM float program proposed will increase the average number of biogeochemical profiles measured per month in the Southern Ocean by ~10-30x. The second is that the climate modeling community now has the computational resources and physical understanding to develop fully coupled climate models that can represent crucial mesoscale processes in the Southern Ocean, as well as corresponding models that assimilate observations to produce a state estimate. Together with the observations, this new generation of models provides the tools to vastly improve understanding of Southern Ocean processes and the ability to quantitatively assess uptake of anthropogenic carbon and heat, as well as nutrient resupply, both today and into the future.In order to take advantage of the above technological and modeling breakthroughs, SOCCOM will implement the following research programs:* Theme 1: Observations. Scripps Institution of Oceanography will lead a field program to expand the number of Southern Ocean autonomous profiling floats and equip them with sensors to measure pH, nitrate, and oxygen. The University of Washington and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute will design, build, and oversee deployment of the floats. Scripps will also develop a mesoscale eddying Southern Ocean state estimate that assimilates physical and biogeochemical data into the MIT ocean general circulation model.* Theme 2: Modeling. University of Arizona and Princeton University, together with NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), will use SOCCOM observations to develop data/model assessment metrics and next-generation model analysis and evaluation, with the goal of improving process level understanding and reducing the uncertainty in projections of our future climate.Led by Climate Central, an independent, non-profit journalism and research organization that promotes understanding of climate science, SOCCOM will collaborate with educators and media professionals to inform policymakers and the public about the challenges of climate change and its impacts on marine life in the context of the Southern Ocean. In addition, the integrated team of SOCCOM scientists and educators will:* communicate data and results of the SOCCOM efforts quickly to the public through established data networks, publications, broadcast media, and a public portal;* train a new generation of diverse ocean scientists, including undergraduate students, graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows versed in field techniques, data calibration, modeling, and communication of research to non-scientists;* transfer new sensor technology and related software to autonomous instrument providers and manufacturers to ensure that they become widely useable.