Doctoral Dissertation Research: How Gender Talks: The Language of Women Doing "Men's" Work

博士论文研究：性别如何对话：从事“男性”工作的女性的语言

• 批准号: 9123392
• 负责人: John Rickford
• 金额: $ 0.21万
• 依托单位: Stanford University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1992
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1992-03-01 至 1993-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9123392&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Research; How; Gender

ABSTRACT Ethnographic studies of women in traditionally all-male, working- class jobs demonstrate that such women must present themselves as masculine in order to be perceived as competent. Such studies repeatedly refer to women who talk tough, talk rough, women, in short, who talk like men. This study examines the speech of policewomen and policemen in Pittsburgh, examining their management of verbal conflict, lexical encoding of affect, pitch range and pitch dynamicity, and use of vernacular phonlogical variables to determine when and how women choose to talk in masculine ways. Questions considered include: Do policewomen employ the same verbal strategies for resolution of conflict as do policemen? When do policewomen and policemen manipulate inexpressiveness to legitimate their authority in the community, and what are the linguistic markers of inexpressiveness? Have women whose speech is perceived as masculine adopted more monotonic, less dynamic intonational contours? The study also considers the widespread finding that men are more likely to use vernacular phonological forms to project themselves as tough than are women of the same class, by investigating the following Pittsburgh vernacular variables: vocalization of /\/, neutralization of tense-lax vocalic contrasts before/\/, monophthongization of (al) and (aw), use of apical nasals for velar nasals in the morpheme -ing, and realization of voiceless and voiced interdental fricatives as stops. This study critically examines the common sociolinguistic assumption that although language varies across social contexts, social attributes like gender do not. In particular it focusses on the ways that linguistic projections of gender-typed characteristics vary according to speaker's occupation. Finally, the study suggests that rather than understanding the use of certain linguistic features as marking a social roles (e.g. understanding vocalization of /\/ as a male marker), sociolinguistics should explore how linguistic features are associated with certain linguistic styles (e.g. tough, masculine) that that are normatively associated with certain social groups, situations and occupations. The project then becomes to understand how individual speakers manipulate the available speech styles to project the social identities they wish to create for themselves.

摘要 对传统上全是男性的工作场所中的妇女进行人种学研究， 阶级工作表明，这些妇女必须把自己作为 男性化才能让人觉得有能力。 此类研究 反复提到说话坚韧的女人，说话粗鲁的女人， 矮个子，说话像男人。 本研究考察了 匹兹堡的男女警察， 言语冲突处理，情感词汇编码，音高 音域和音高的动态性，以及方言语音的使用 变量来决定女性选择何时以及如何在 男性化的方式 考虑的问题包括： 使用相同的语言策略来解决冲突， 做警察吗 什么时候女警和警察操纵 他们在社区中的权威是合法的， 什么是非表达性的语言标记？ 有 言语被认为是男性化的女性 单调的、不那么动态的语调轮廓？ 该研究还 考虑到广泛的发现，男性更有可能使用 方言的语音形式，以项目本身作为坚韧比 是同一阶层的女性，通过调查以下内容， 匹兹堡方言变量：/\/的发音， 在/\/之前中和紧张-松弛的声音对比， （al）和（aw）的单元音化，使用顶端鼻音， 软腭鼻音中的语素化，以及无义的实现 和浊齿间擦音作为塞音。 本研究 批判性地审视了社会语言学的普遍假设， 尽管语言在不同的社会环境中有所不同， 而性别等属性则不然。 特别是，它侧重于 性别类型特征的语言投射 根据演讲者的职业而有所不同。 最后，研究 这表明，与其理解某些 作为社会角色标记的语言特征（例如理解 作为男性标记的/\/发声），社会语言学应该 探索语言特征如何与某些 语言风格（例如坚韧，男性化）， 与某些社会群体、情况和 职业。 然后，该项目将了解如何 单个说话者操纵可用的讲话风格， 投射出他们希望为自己创造的社会身份。