Impact of Flight Kinematics on Respiration

跑步和飞行需要大量增加能量消耗，因此需要大量增加呼吸。哺乳动物和鸟类可能已经进化出机制，通过运动来实现呼吸的大幅增加，从而将呼吸本身的额外成本降至最低。鸟的身体充满了气囊，这些气囊被用作风箱，将空气送进送出它们的肺部。在飞行过程中活跃和移动的肌肉和骨骼可能同时通过扩张和压缩气囊来帮助空气在呼吸系统中移动。这个项目将研究飞行和呼吸的肌肉活动是如何协调的。它将提供有关脊椎动物呼吸控制的基本问题的见解，特别是在运动期间。对不同种类的鸟类和不同种类的脊椎动物的比较研究也将解决运动中呼吸控制的进化问题。这样的研究对那些对人类表现和康复感兴趣的人也很有价值。

Running and flying require a substantial increase in energy expenditures and therefore a substantial elevation of respiration. Mammals and birds may have evolved mechanisms to achieve these large increases in breathing with exercise that minimizes the added cost of the breathing itself. The body of a bird is full of air sacs that are used as bellows to move air in and out of their lungs. The muscles and bones that are active and moving during flight may simultaneously assist the movement of air through its respiratory system by expanding and compressing the air sacs. This project will investigate the ways in which the muscular activities of flying and breathing are coordinated. It will provide insights into fundamental questions about the control of breathing in vertebrates, especially during exercise. Comparative studies of different species of birds and of different classes of vertebrates will also address questions about the evolution of the control of breathing during exercise. Such studies are also of value to those interested in human performance and rehabilitation.