Understanding Dispersal Polymorphisms in Insects

扩散多态性（迁移和不飞的发生） 在同一人群中形成）是一种普遍现象， 昆虫 对于大多数昆虫，包括稻飞虱（同翅目： Delphacidae），有一个生殖成本与 繁殖力降低和延迟的扩散能力 产卵的迁移相比，不飞的女性。 男性的相应信息， 传播能力和繁殖成功率几乎不存在。 作为 因此，我们对进化、维护和 扩散能力变化的人口后果是 几乎完全基于女性。 未能证明适合 雄性翅膀形态之间的差异挑战了我们目前 知识的生态和进化的基础， 分散多态性的存在。 的几个特点 稻飞虱的交配系统表明， 雄性有迁徙能力， 男性在不同时期对种群动态的贡献不同 密度 本文概述的研究旨在阐明 迁徙的和不会飞的雄性之间的内在差异 稻飞虱Prokelisia dolus的竞争能力（雄性 /男性的互动，定位配偶的能力，吸引力， 女性，2）生存能力，分散倾向， 使配偶授精，以及3）交配成功和对 在不同密度条件下的人口增长。 这 研究将为发展 更一般的假设（包括男性和女性）， 研究分散多态性的普遍现象， 昆虫

Dispersal polymorphism (the occurrence of migratory and flightless forms in the same population) is a widespread phenomenon among insects. For most insects including planthoppers (Homoptera: Delphacidae), there is a reproductive cost associated with dispersal ability as evidenced by the reduced fecundity and delayed oviposition of migratory compared to flightless females. Corresponding information for males on the relationship between dispersal ability and reproductive success is virtually absent. As a result, our understanding of the evolution, maintenance, and population consequences of variation in dispersal capability is based almost exclusively on females. Failure to establish fitness differences between male wing forms challenges our current knowledge of the ecological and evolutionary basis for the existence of dispersal polymorphisms. Several characteristics of planthopper mating systems suggest the presence of costs associated with migratory ability in males and that migratory and flightless males contribute differentially to population dynamics at different densities. The research outlined herein seeks to elucidate intrinsic differences between migratory and flightless males of the planthopper Prokelisia dolus in their 1) competitive ability (male / male interactions, ability to locate mates, attractiveness to females, 2) survivorship, propensity to disperse, ability to inseminate mates, and 3) mating success and contribution to population growth across a range of density conditions. This research will supply the empirical basis for the development of more general hypotheses (which include both male and females) to examine the widespread phenomenon of dispersal polymorphism in insects.