A Physical/Chemical/Biological Simulation Model of Southern Ocean Air-Sea-Ice Interactions to Predict Carbon Source/Sink Intensity

哥伦比亚大学和南加州大学共同研究了控制南大洋海洋和大气之间二氧化碳交换的相互作用的物理-生物模型。该项目的这一部分涉及海洋中决定二氧化碳通量的物理和化学过程。在这种情况下，南大洋是特别重要的，因为它代表了两个全球区域之一，在那里，深层对流允许上升水团的通风，在那里，地表水的下沉将未利用的营养物质从热带中移除。该地区的物理、化学和生物过程范围很大，因此二氧化碳通量的季节性振幅也很大，这使得个别观测对年平均值的估计很差。事实上，目前还不清楚这个地区是二氧化碳的净吸收区还是向大气释放区。现有的描述垂直空气/海洋/冰相互作用和能量通量的一维模型将进行修改，以包括海气交换的影响以及上层海洋浮游生物群落内的相关化学和碳流。将进行一系列实验以确定模型对参数化方案、初始条件和边界条件的敏感性。最终，该模型将与戈达德空间研究所开发的全球环流模型相结合，以便回答诸如由卫星彩色扫描仪观察到的决定浮游植物水平分布一般模式的因素是什么等具体问题；色素分布与初级生产力之间的关系是什么？可出口到深海的新产出的比例是多少，南大洋深处二氧化碳的生物通量的大小是多少。

This physical-biological modeling study of the interactions that control the exchange of carbon dioxide between the ocean and the atmosphere in the Southern Ocean is a joint effort between Columbia University and the University of Southern California. This component of the project concerns the physical and chemical processes in the ocean that determine the fluxes of carbon dioxide. The Southern Ocean is of particular importance in this context because it represents one of the two global regions where deep convection allows the ventilation of upwelling water masses, and where the sinking of surface waters removes unutilized nutrients from the euphotic zone. This area has a large range of physical, chemical, and biological processes, so that the seasonal amplitude of the carbon dioxide flux is also large, and makes individual observations poor estimators of the annual mean value. In fact it is currently not clear whether this region is one of net uptake or release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. An existing one-dimensional model which describes the vertical air/sea/ice interactions and energy fluxes will be modified to include the effects of air-sea gas exchange and the relevant chemistry and carbon flow within the planktonic communities of the upper ocean. A series of experiments will be performed to determine the sensitivity of the model to parameterization schemes, initial conditions, and boundary conditions. Ultimately the model will be coupled to a global circulation model developed by the Goddard Institute of Space Studies in order to answer such specific questions as what are the factors that determine the general patterns of horizontal phytoplankton distribution as observed by satellite-based color scanners; what is the relationship between pigment distributions and rates of primary productivity; what fraction is new production exportable to the deep ocean, and what is the magnitude of the biogenic flux of carbon dioxide in the deep Southern Ocean.