Gender Differences in Academic Career Paths Among Economists Scientists, Social Scientists

在科学和工程领域，女性在教职员工中的代表性不足一直是许多委员会、机构和学者关注和研究的主题。在女性担任科学学术工作的情况下，这背后似乎有多种原因。从高中开始，女性似乎在几乎每一步都退出了科学/工程领域。该项目侧重于这一进程的最后阶段--副教授或正教授职级的女性比例较低。这是第一项基于连续的博士小组的研究，并利用这些数据的小组性质来跟踪人们随着时间的推移而发展的职业。这种方法优于其他研究中的横断面分析，因为它控制了进入者队列的大小，允许协变量对概率产生独立影响，并考虑了离开学术界的人。小组数据可以分析晋升可能性的整个时间模式，并比较最终获得终身教职的可能性。该项目侧重于经济、其他社会科学、科学和工程领域学术职位晋升方面的性别差异。它在一年两次的博士学位获得者调查中使用了国家科学基金会收集的小组数据。该项目调查了具有相似背景的进入学术界的女性和男性是否有同样的可能性在学术生涯中取得进步，并在他们的职业生涯中以相似的速度进步。利用危险率分析，该项目估计了获得终身教职的概率中的性别差异。一种类似的方法也被用来研究晋升为正式教授的问题。研究的第一阶段将考虑经济学领域。然后，为经济领域开发的规格和模型将扩展到其他社会科学领域和科学和工程领域。分析的最后阶段将对所有领域进行类似的分析，以便能够得出关于学术界整体晋升过程的结论，以及如何用领域本身的不同特点来解释晋升过程中各领域之间的差异。

The under representation of females among faculty in the fields of science and engineering has been a concern and a topic of research of many committees, institutions, and scholars. There seem to be a multitude of causes behind this under representation of females in scientific academic jobs. Starting from high school, women seem to drop out of the science/engineering pipeline at practically every step along the way. This project focuses on the last stage in this process - the low proportion of women at the associate or full professor ranks. It is the first study to be based on a continuing panel of PhD's and to use the panel nature of this data to follow people's careers as they develop over time. This approach is superior to the cross sectional analysis in other studies because it controls for the size of the entrant cohort, allows covariants to have independent effects on the probabilities, and accounts for people who leave academia. The panel data allow analysis of the entire time pattern of the likelihood of promotion and comparison of the probabilities of eventually receiving tenure. This project focuses on gender differences in promotion in academic jobs in the fields of economics, the other social sciences, science and engineering. It uses panel data collected by the National Science Foundation in its biannual survey of Doctorate Recipients. The project investigates whether women and men who enter academia with similar backgrounds have the same likelihood of progressing in academic careers and progress at similar speeds in their careers. Using hazard rate analysis, the project estimates gender differences in the probabilities of receiving tenure. A similar approach is used to study the promotion to full professorship. The first stages of the research will consider the field of economics. Specifications and models developed for the field of economics will then be extended to other fields with the social sciences and to science and engineering. The final stage of the analysis will perform similar on all fields together in order to be able to draw conclusions about the overall promotion process in academia and on how differences among fields in the promotion process can be explained by different characteristics of the fields themselves.