Theodosius Dobzhansky in Russia and America

狄奥多西·多布詹斯基在俄罗斯和美国

• 批准号: 9223903
• 负责人: Mark Adams
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Pennsylvania
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1993
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1993-04-01 至 1996-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9223903&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Theodosius; Dobzhansky; Russia; America

Evolutionary biology has always been controversial: in Darwin's time, there was the famous debate in Britain between Bishop "Soapy Sam" Wilburforce and Thomas Huxley; at the turn of the century, there was the Skopes "monkey" trial in the US; and today, there have been efforts in, for example, Louisiana to require that "creationism" be taught alongside the "theory" of evolution. Yet the most serious attacks on Darwin's theory came not from religion but from science itself. In the 19th century, physicists led by Lord Kelvin argued that the earth was too "young" to have allowed enough time for evolution to have occurred. With the discovery of natural radiation, however, the age of the earth was greatly increased to several billions of years--old enough for evolution to occur. But where physics failed, Mendelian and population genetics stepped in with a scientific assault on Darwin's principle of natural selection. It wasn't until the late 1930's and 1940's that evolutionary biology was reconciled with genetics. The first person to propose this synthesis was Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900- 1975) in his Genetics and the Origin of Species, (1937). With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of the Russian archives to Western scholars, Dr. Mark Adams is undertaking the first full-scale study of this founder of modern Western population genetics. Dr. Adams is focussing his study of Dobzhansky on the period 1900 to 1937 when "Dobbie" published his book launching the evolutionary biology synthesis. He is also pursuing the persistent Russian dimension of Dobbie's work even after he moved to the United States (1927). Dr. Adams aims to clarify the influence of the Kiev school of cytogenetics on Dobzhansky's chromosomal work (1914-1924); the views of his Petersburg mentor, Filipchenko, on his approach to micro- and macroevolution, and on his social views (1924-27) the influence of Russian entomological traditions on his approach to populations, species, and field practice; his gradual assimilation of the conventions and practices of T. H. Morgan's laboratory when he came to the United States; the influence of his Russian background on the writing of his evolutionary classic; his role in supporting Russian geneticists and opposing Lysenkoism during the period 1937-1960; and the abiding influence of his formative Russian years in shaping the worldview that informed both his research and writings on heredity, society, cosmology, and the human conditions, 1960-1974.

进化生物学一直备受争议：在达尔文时代，英国出现了著名的“索比·萨姆”主教威尔伯福斯和托马斯·赫胥黎之间的辩论；世纪之交，美国出现了斯科普斯的“猴子”审判；如今，路易斯安那州已做出努力，要求在教授进化论“理论”的同时教授“神创论”。然而，对达尔文理论最严重的攻击不是来自宗教，而是来自科学本身。在19世纪，以开尔文勋爵为首的物理学家认为，地球太“年轻”，不可能有足够的时间进行进化。然而，随着自然辐射的发现，地球的年龄大大增加到数十亿年--足以发生进化。但在物理学失败的地方，孟德尔和人口遗传学介入，对达尔文的自然选择原理进行了科学攻击。直到20世纪30年代末的S和1940年的S，进化生物学才与遗传学和解。第一个提出这一合成的人是西奥多西乌斯·多布赞斯基(1900-1975)在他的《遗传学和物种起源》(1937)中。随着苏联的解体和俄罗斯向西方学者开放档案，马克·亚当斯博士正在对这位现代西方人口遗传学的奠基人进行第一次全面的研究。亚当斯博士将他对多布赞斯基的研究集中在1900至1937年间，当时《多比》出版了他的书《启动进化生物学合成》。甚至在多比移居美国(1927年)之后，他也一直在追求多比作品中持续存在的俄罗斯维度。亚当斯博士旨在阐明基辅细胞遗传学学派对多布赞斯基染色体工作的影响(1914-1924年)；他的彼得堡导师菲利普琴科对他的微观和宏观进化方法的看法，以及他的社会观点(1924-1927年)俄罗斯昆虫学传统对他的种群、物种和野外实践方法的影响；他来到美国后逐渐吸收了T·H·摩根实验室的惯例和做法；他的俄罗斯背景对他的进化论经典的写作产生了影响；他在1937-1960年期间支持俄罗斯遗传学家和反对李森科主义的作用；以及他在形成俄罗斯时期对世界观的持久影响，这些世界观影响了他在1960-1974年间关于遗传、社会、宇宙学和人类状况的研究和著作。