Theodosius Dobzhansky in Russia and America

狄奥多西·多布詹斯基在俄罗斯和美国

• 批准号: 9223903
• 负责人: Mark Adams
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Pennsylvania
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1993
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1993-04-01 至 1996-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9223903&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Theodosius; Dobzhansky; Russia; America

Evolutionary biology has always been controversial: in Darwin's time, there was the famous debate in Britain between Bishop "Soapy Sam" Wilburforce and Thomas Huxley; at the turn of the century, there was the Skopes "monkey" trial in the US; and today, there have been efforts in, for example, Louisiana to require that "creationism" be taught alongside the "theory" of evolution. Yet the most serious attacks on Darwin's theory came not from religion but from science itself. In the 19th century, physicists led by Lord Kelvin argued that the earth was too "young" to have allowed enough time for evolution to have occurred. With the discovery of natural radiation, however, the age of the earth was greatly increased to several billions of years--old enough for evolution to occur. But where physics failed, Mendelian and population genetics stepped in with a scientific assault on Darwin's principle of natural selection. It wasn't until the late 1930's and 1940's that evolutionary biology was reconciled with genetics. The first person to propose this synthesis was Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900- 1975) in his Genetics and the Origin of Species, (1937). With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of the Russian archives to Western scholars, Dr. Mark Adams is undertaking the first full-scale study of this founder of modern Western population genetics. Dr. Adams is focussing his study of Dobzhansky on the period 1900 to 1937 when "Dobbie" published his book launching the evolutionary biology synthesis. He is also pursuing the persistent Russian dimension of Dobbie's work even after he moved to the United States (1927). Dr. Adams aims to clarify the influence of the Kiev school of cytogenetics on Dobzhansky's chromosomal work (1914-1924); the views of his Petersburg mentor, Filipchenko, on his approach to micro- and macroevolution, and on his social views (1924-27) the influence of Russian entomological traditions on his approach to populations, species, and field practice; his gradual assimilation of the conventions and practices of T. H. Morgan's laboratory when he came to the United States; the influence of his Russian background on the writing of his evolutionary classic; his role in supporting Russian geneticists and opposing Lysenkoism during the period 1937-1960; and the abiding influence of his formative Russian years in shaping the worldview that informed both his research and writings on heredity, society, cosmology, and the human conditions, 1960-1974.

进化生物学一直存在争议：在达尔文时代，在主教“肥皂”威尔伯尔福斯和托马斯·赫x黎之间有著名的辩论。 在世纪之交，美国进行了“猴子”审判。 如今，例如，路易斯安那州已经做出了努力，要求与进化的“理论”一起教授“创造论”。 然而，对达尔文理论的最严重攻击不是来自宗教，而是来自科学本身。 在19世纪，凯尔文勋爵（Lord Kelvin）领导的物理学家认为，地球太“年轻”，以至于没有时间进化。 但是，随着自然辐射的发现，地球的年龄大大增加到数十亿年 - 足以发生进化。 但是，在物理失败的地方，孟德尔和人口遗传学对达尔文自然选择原则进行了科学攻击。 直到1930年代后期和1940年代后期，进化生物学才与遗传学调和。 提出这种综合的第一个人是Theodosius Dobzhansky（1900-1975）的遗传学和物种的起源（1937年）。 随着苏联的崩溃和俄罗斯档案的开放向西方学者，马克·亚当斯（Mark Adams）博士正在对这位现代西方人口遗传学创始人进行首次全面研究。 亚当斯博士在1900年至1937年期间将他对多布津斯基的研究重点放在，当时“杜比”出版了他的书，启动了进化生物学的综合。 即使他搬到美国，他还在追求多比（Dobbie）工作的持久俄罗斯层面（1927年）。 亚当斯博士旨在阐明基辅细胞遗传学学校对多班斯基染色体工作（1914-1924）的影响；他的彼得斯堡导师菲利普钦科（Filipchenko）对他的微观和宏观发展方法的看法，以及他的社会观点（1924-27）（1924 - 27年），俄罗斯昆虫学传统对他的人口，物种和实地实践方法的影响；他来到美国时，他逐渐融合了T. H. Morgan的实验室的惯例和实践；他俄罗斯背景对他进化经典的写作的影响；他在1937 - 1960年期间在支持俄罗斯遗传学家和反对Lysenkoism方面的作用； 1960 - 1974年，他形成的俄罗斯时代在塑造他的研究和人类条件的著作和人类条件上的持续影响。