Theodosius Dobzhansky in Russia and America

狄奥多西·多布詹斯基在俄罗斯和美国

• 批准号: 9223903
• 负责人: Mark Adams
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Pennsylvania
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1993
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1993-04-01 至 1996-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9223903&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Theodosius; Dobzhansky; Russia; America

Evolutionary biology has always been controversial: in Darwin's time, there was the famous debate in Britain between Bishop "Soapy Sam" Wilburforce and Thomas Huxley; at the turn of the century, there was the Skopes "monkey" trial in the US; and today, there have been efforts in, for example, Louisiana to require that "creationism" be taught alongside the "theory" of evolution. Yet the most serious attacks on Darwin's theory came not from religion but from science itself. In the 19th century, physicists led by Lord Kelvin argued that the earth was too "young" to have allowed enough time for evolution to have occurred. With the discovery of natural radiation, however, the age of the earth was greatly increased to several billions of years--old enough for evolution to occur. But where physics failed, Mendelian and population genetics stepped in with a scientific assault on Darwin's principle of natural selection. It wasn't until the late 1930's and 1940's that evolutionary biology was reconciled with genetics. The first person to propose this synthesis was Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900- 1975) in his Genetics and the Origin of Species, (1937). With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of the Russian archives to Western scholars, Dr. Mark Adams is undertaking the first full-scale study of this founder of modern Western population genetics. Dr. Adams is focussing his study of Dobzhansky on the period 1900 to 1937 when "Dobbie" published his book launching the evolutionary biology synthesis. He is also pursuing the persistent Russian dimension of Dobbie's work even after he moved to the United States (1927). Dr. Adams aims to clarify the influence of the Kiev school of cytogenetics on Dobzhansky's chromosomal work (1914-1924); the views of his Petersburg mentor, Filipchenko, on his approach to micro- and macroevolution, and on his social views (1924-27) the influence of Russian entomological traditions on his approach to populations, species, and field practice; his gradual assimilation of the conventions and practices of T. H. Morgan's laboratory when he came to the United States; the influence of his Russian background on the writing of his evolutionary classic; his role in supporting Russian geneticists and opposing Lysenkoism during the period 1937-1960; and the abiding influence of his formative Russian years in shaping the worldview that informed both his research and writings on heredity, society, cosmology, and the human conditions, 1960-1974.

进化生物学一直是有争议的：在达尔文的 当时，英国有一场著名的辩论， 萨姆·威尔伯福斯和托马斯·赫胥黎;在世纪之交， 在美国有Skopes“猴子”审判;今天， 例如，路易斯安那州一直在努力要求 “神创论”应该与进化论“理论”一起教授。 然而 对达尔文理论最严重的攻击并非来自宗教 而是科学本身。 在19世纪，以 开尔文勋爵认为，地球太“年轻”， 有足够的时间让进化发生 的发现 然而，由于自然辐射，地球的年龄大大增加了。 增加到几十亿年--老到足以进化， 发生. 但在物理学失败的地方，孟德尔和群体遗传学 对达尔文的原则进行了科学攻击， 自然选择 直到20世纪30年代末和40年代， 进化生物学与遗传学是一致的。 第一 提出这种综合的人是狄奥多西·杜布赞斯基（Theodosius Dobzhansky，1900- 《遗传学与物种起源》（Genetics and the Origin of Species，1937） 与 苏联解体和俄罗斯开放 档案西方学者，博士马克亚当斯是承担 对这位现代西方人口学奠基人的首次全面研究 遗传学 亚当斯博士把他对杜布赞斯基的研究集中在1900年 到1937年，“多比”出版了他的书， 生物合成 他也在追求执着的俄罗斯人 甚至在他搬到美国之后， （一九二七年）。 亚当斯博士旨在阐明基辅学派的影响 细胞遗传学对多布赞斯基的染色体工作（1914-1924）; 他的彼得堡导师菲利琴科对他的方法的看法 微观和宏观进化论，以及他的社会观点（1924-27）， 俄罗斯昆虫学传统对他的方法的影响， 人口，物种和实地实践;他逐渐同化 T. H.摩根的实验室 他来到了美国;他的俄语的影响 关于他的进化论经典著作的写作背景;他在 支持俄罗斯遗传学家，反对李森科主义。 1937年至1960年期间;和他的形成持久的影响 俄罗斯在塑造世界观方面的岁月， 研究和著作的遗传，社会，宇宙学，和 人类状况，1960-1974年。