The Soviet Experiment: Eugenics and Medical Genetics in Russia 1900-1990

苏联实验：1900-1990 年俄罗斯的优生学和医学遗传学

• 批准号: 9906180
• 负责人: Mark Adams
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Pennsylvania
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1999-08-01 至 2001-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9906180&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Soviet; Experiment; Eugenics; Medical; Genetics

This grant will allow the Principal Investigator to complete research and writing on a history of the nature-nurture debate as it unfolded in Russia, from pre-revolutionary times to the present day.The work will chronicle the creation of eugenics in the 1 920s by several groups of experimental biologists, psychiatrists, anthropologists, and physicians; analyze the research they conducted as part of the Russian Eugenics Society; chronicle the "demise" of eugenics in 1930 and its rapid transformation and rebirth as "medical genetics" in 1934; show how personal and professional networks were able to maintain the field's traditions "underground" during decades of Stalinism and Lysenkoism; and demonstrate the way these networks and institutions reemerged in the 1960s and 1970s to help shape the "new" Soviet biology of the Brezhnev era.Based on some twenty years of research, archival work, and interviews, as well as preliminary publications focusing on particular people, topics, and periods, the work will also include much information that has only recently become available, including data collected by the Eugenics Bureau on the Petersburg intelligentsia; archival documentation of Ivanov's attempt to hybridize humans and chimpanzees using artificial insemination, information on H.J. Muller's activities in Russia; recorded interviews with principals; and primary and secondary materials on the abiding connections between eugenics and Soviet psychology and psychiatry.By carefully tracking the field of human heredity, the institutions where it was studied, and the professional and personal networks that created and sustained them, I hope this work will help to revise and broaden our understanding of eugenics by providing a new national case study, illuminate the complex role of networks in sustaining Russian science under totalitarianism, and focus the attention of historians of science, technology, and medicine on the role of networks in the events they study, as well as affording a new and somewhat less culture-bound perspective on current bioethical issues and concerns. Given the topic and the rather startling character of much I will discuss, the work should be of interest not only to scientists, science historians, Russian historians, physicians, and bioethicists, but also to the broader public.

这项资助将使首席研究员完成研究和写作的历史上的自然培育的辩论，因为它展开了在俄罗斯，从革命前的时代到今天。工作将编年史的创造优生学在1920年代由几组实验生物学家，精神病学家，人类学家和医生;分析他们进行的研究，作为俄罗斯优生学会的一部分;记录优生学在1930年的“消亡”，以及它在1934年作为“医学遗传学”的快速转变和重生;展示在斯大林主义和李森科主义的几十年中，个人和专业网络如何能够保持该领域的传统“地下”;并展示了这些网络和机构在20世纪60年代和70年代重新出现的方式，以帮助塑造勃列日涅夫时代的“新”苏联生物学。基于大约20年的研究，档案工作和采访，除了关注特定人物、主题和时期的初步出版物外，这项工作还将包括许多最近才获得的信息，包括优生学局收集的关于彼得堡知识界的数据;伊万诺夫试图用人工授精使人类和黑猩猩杂交的档案文件，关于H. J.穆勒在俄罗斯活动的信息;对校长的采访记录;以及关于优生学与苏联心理学和精神病学之间持久联系的主要和次要材料。通过仔细跟踪人类遗传领域，研究它的机构，以及创造和维持它们的专业和个人网络，我希望这项工作将有助于通过提供一个新的国家案例研究来修改和拓宽我们对优生学的理解，阐明网络在极权主义下维持俄罗斯科学的复杂作用，并将科学，技术和医学历史学家的注意力集中在网络在他们研究的事件中的作用上，以及对当前的生物伦理问题和关注提供一个新的，不那么受文化约束的视角。鉴于我将要讨论的主题和相当惊人的性质，这项工作不仅应该引起科学家、科学历史学家、俄罗斯历史学家、医生和生物伦理学家的兴趣，而且应该引起更广泛的公众的兴趣。