Consequences of Larval Interactions to Mayfly Survival, Fecundity and Population Growth

小行星9306842 拟议研究的目的是（1）确定河中幼虫蜉蝣Baetis bicaudatus的死亡率有多少是由于石蝇和鳟鱼的捕食，以及线虫蠕虫寄生，（2）测量蜉蝣减少进食的后果，同时避免竞争对手，捕食性石蝇和鳟鱼在雌卵生产和大小相关的雄性交配成功，（3）利用估计蜉蝣种群增长的方法，确定捕食者、寄生虫和竞争者对蜉蝣种群长期维持能力的相对影响。 为实现这些目标而提出的方法包括：（a）在小型（25厘米）和大型（B）行为实验，以确定鳟鱼捕食对已经进入水柱以逃避石蛾捕食的蜉蝣的风险，（c）解剖蜉蝣幼虫和成虫，以估计蠕虫的感染、绝育和死亡的阶段和性别，以及（d）在小型和大型围栏中进行实验，以测量捕食者对蜉蝣生长速度的影响，成虫的大小和产卵量，（e）田间实验将确定较大的雄性蜉蝣是否有更大的交配成功率，以及（f）在捕食者竞争者密度不同的地点或溪流中完成幼虫阶段的蜉蝣的大小和产卵量。 这些数据将说明是否有任何影响捕食者避免观察到在较小的规模（在外壳），可以检测到一个大规模的自然流。 从这些实验中获得的数据将被用来比较蜉蝣种群增长的石和鳟鱼捕食者，寄生虫和竞争对手的脸。 蜉蝣种群增长的实地估计数将作为对实验得出的种群增长率的“现实检查”。 这项研究的主要贡献是对影响幼虫道德和行为的因素与成虫繁殖成功之间的联系进行了独特的调查。 没有以前的研究比较了一套选择压力的后果，如捕食，寄生和竞争的一个阶段的自然种群，并解释这些影响的人口增长的背景下，完整的生命周期。 $ ! ! ! 8 ! F ( Times New Roman 符号Arial * " H K K 7 水晶黑剪水晶黑剪

9306842 Peckarsky The objectives of the proposed research are to (1) determine how much of the death rate of the stream-dwelling larval mayfly, Baetis bicaudatus, is due to stonefly and trout predation, and to parasitism by nematode worms, (2) measure the consequences of reduced feeding by mayflies while avoiding competitors, predatory stoneflies and trout in terms of female egg production and size-related male mating success, and (3) using methods to estimate mayfly population growth, determine the relative impacts of predators, parasites and competitors on the mayflys' ability to sustain populations over the long term. Meathods proposed to meet those objectives include: (a) experiments conducted in small (25cm) and large (1.5m) enclosures to measure the effects of stonefly and trout predation on mayfly death rate, (b) behavioral experiments to determine the risk of trout predation to mayflies that have entered the water column to escape stonefly predation, (c) dissections of mayfly larvae and adults to estimate stages and sexes of infection, sterilization and death cause by nematode worms, and (d) experiments conducted in small and large enclosures to measure the effects of predator on mayfly growth rates, sizes of adults and egg production, (e) field experiments will determine whether larger male mayflies have greater mating success, and (f) sizes and egg production and mayflies that completed their larval stage in sites or streams with different densities of predators competitors. These data will illustrate whether any effects of predator avoidance observed at a smaller scale (in enclosures) can be detected a t larger scales in natural streams. Data from these experiments will be used to compare mayfly population growth in the face of stonefly and trout predators, parasites and competitors. Filed estimates of mayfly population growth will be obtained as a "reality check" on experimentally derived population growth rates. The key contribution of this research is a unique investigation of connections between factors affecting larval morality and behavior and adult reproductive success. No previous studies have compared the consequences of a suite of selection pressures such as predation, parasitism and competition on one stage of a natural population, and interpreted these impacts on population growth in context of the complete life cycle. $ ! ! !8 ! F ( Times New Roman Symbol & Arial * " h k k 7 Crystal Blackshear Crystal Blackshear