Mechanisms of Analogical Reminding and Priming

9310614 HOLYOAK 这项研究将调查类比相似性在指导检索存储在记忆中的先前经验中的作用。 类比相似性取决于情况基本结构的重叠，例如两个故事共享的共同主题或两个不同问题背后的共同目标结构。 这种“深层”相似性可以与更表面类型的重叠区分开来，例如故事中的相似人物和事件或问题中涉及的相似对象。 先前的研究表明，记忆的获取受到这种表面相似性的强烈影响，但通常未能找到证据表明更深层次的相似性可以让一种情况触发对另一种情况的提醒。 该项目将使用各种更敏感的措施来确定人类记忆是否以及何时受到复杂情况之间深层和表面相似性的指导。 将通过实验来调查不同类型相似性的影响，在这些实验中，大学生在不会明显表明随后会进行记忆测试的背景下处理一系列故事。 经过几分钟到一周的延迟后，受试者将收到与记忆中的目标故事相似度不同的其他故事的提示。 在某些情况下，一个提示将与记忆中的多个目标故事相关。 预计记忆中存在多个相关目标而引发的检索竞争（更符合日常经验的情况，即先前研究中使用的范式）将大大提高类比相似性提醒的敏感性。 其他实验将使用更多间接措施来确定哪些类型的相似性影响信息自发处理的方式。 这些研究将确定阅读一个在深层、表面或两者上相似的故事是否会使后续故事更容易理解，或者减少阅读和理解它所需的时间。 这些实验将为几个相关主题提供重要的知识。 目前很少有记忆检索模型可以解释深度相似性对提醒的影响。 如果该项目揭示类比相似性确实影响记忆访问，那么这一证据将对任何关于复杂知识在人类记忆中表示和访问的方式的适当理论施加重要限制。 研究结果还将为设计更符合心理现实的基于计算机的记忆检索模型提供指导。 此外，对类比相似性的敏感性可以为问题解决中的灵活学习和迁移提供基础。 因此，结果可能对培训和教育产生重要影响。 ***

9310614 HOLYOAK This research will investigate the role of analogical similarity in guiding retrieval of previous experiences stored in memory. Analogical similarity depends on overlap in the underlying structure of situations, such as a common theme shared by two stories or a common goal structure underlying two different problems. Such "deep" similarities can be distinguished from more superficial types of overlap, such as similar characters and events in stories or similar objects involved in problems. Previous research has shown that access to memories is strongly influenced by such surface similarities, but has generally failed to find evidence that deeper types of similarity can allow one situation to trigger reminding of another. This project will use a variety of more sensitive measures to determine whether and when human memory is guided by deep as well as superficial similarities between complex situations. The influences of different types of similarity will be investigated by experiments in which college students process a series of stories in a context that does not make it apparent that a memory test will follow. After a delay ranging from a few minutes to a week, the subjects will be cued with other stories that differ in their similarity relations to the target stories in memory. In some cases a cue will be related to multiple target stories in memory. It is expected that the retrieval competition triggered by having multiple related targets in memory (a situation more in keeping with everyday experience that is the paradigm used in previous studies) will greatly improve the sensitivity of reminding to analogical similarity. Other experiments will use more indirect measures to determine which types of similarity influence the way in which information is processed spontaneously. These studies will determine whether reading a story that is similar at a deep level, a surface level, or both, will render a subsequent story more comprehens ible, or decrease the time required to read and understand it. These experiments will provide knowledge important for several related topics. Few current models of memory retrieval can account for an influence of deep similarity on reminding. If the project reveals that analogical similarity indeed influences memory access, this evidence would place important constraints on any adequate theory of the way complex knowledge is represented in and accessed from human memory. The results will also provide guidance for efforts to devise more psychologically realistic computer-based models of memory retrieval. In addition, sensitivity to analogical similarity can provide a basis for flexible learning and transfer in problem solving. The results are therefore likely to have important implications for training and education. ***