A Hierarchic GIS for Studies of Process, Pattern and Scale in Arctic Ecosystems

北极系统科学陆地/大气/冰相互作用(LAII)通量研究的这一组成部分将：(1)开发5个比例尺(1：10、1：500、1：5000、1：25,000和1：250,000)和5个地点的地理信息系统(GIS)数据库；(2)加深对植被信号与关键地形参数之间关系的理解；以及(3)开发一种方法，利用遥感图像和地理信息系统变量来区分用于痕量气体通量空间模型的关键植被参数。一项任务将是使用以下两种方法编制Toolik湖-ImNavait Creek区域多尺度甲烷和二氧化碳通量图：(1)基于植被类型等级中微量气体通量的现场测量的经验方法；(2)使用各种遥感卫星数据的建模方法。植被、生物量、土壤、场地和光谱反射特性的测量将在代表大部分景观变化的永久性研究地块进行。其他调查人员在同一地点进行的痕量气体测量和地理信息系统数据库将被用来将这些信息外推到地貌和区域尺度。在五个研究地区永久标记的1×1公里网格将被用作这项研究(例如监测与景观变量和气候变化有关的物种组成和树冠结构的趋势)和项目内其他研究的抽样框架。来自地理信息系统数据库的数据也将被其他研究人员用于水文模型、痕量气体通量的地形模型，以及将地块水平的测量扩大到区域尺度的算法。

This component of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Land/Atmosphere/Ice Interactions (LAII) Flux Study research will (1) develop Geographic Information System (GIS) databases at five scales (1:10, 1:500, 1:5000, 1:25,000, and 1:250,000) and at five sites; (2) develop an understanding of the relationship between vegetation signals and key terrain parameters; and (3) develop a method to use remotely-sensed images and GIS variables to distinguish key vegetation parameters for spatial models of trace-gas fluxes. One task will be the development of methane and CO2 flux maps at multiple scales of the Toolik Lake-Imnavait Creek region, using; (1) an empirical approach based on field measurements of trace-gas fluxes in a hierarchy of vegetation types, and (2) a modeled approach using a variety of remotely sensed satellite data. Measurements of vegetation, biomass, soil, site, and spectral reflectance characteristics will be made at permanent study plots representing the majority of landscape variation. Trace-gas measurements by other investigators at the same sites and GIS databases will be used to extrapolate this information to landscape and regional scales. Permanently marked 1 x 1 km grids at the five study areas will be used as a sampling framework for much of this research (e.g. monitoring trends in species composition and canopy structure in relation to landscape variables and climate change) and other research within the project. Data from GIS databases will also be used by other investigators in hydrology models, terrain models of trace-gas fluxes, and algorithms to scale plot-level measurements to regional scales.