Understanding Attachment in Family Context

人际关系理论的一个基本问题是(A)一个人给关系带来的特征（行动者效应），(b)这个人的伴侣引出的特征（伴侣效应），或(c)这个人对特定伴侣的独特认知、行为或情绪调整（关系效应）的相对重要性。本研究在成人依恋理论的背景下探讨了这一问题。以200个双亲二孩家庭为研究对象，采用循环式设计，收集每一种关系的自我报告依恋类型数据。这些数据将使用社会关系模型进行分析，该模型提供有关行为者、合作伙伴和独特人际关系在解释人际数据方面的贡献的信息。这一分析将评估一个广泛存在但未经证实的假设，即成人依恋类型反映了“行动者效应”。该研究的纵向部分使用了有关方差来源的信息（行动者、伴侣和关系影响），这些信息有助于感知人际控制，并将其作为预测家庭关系中依恋安全变化的模型框架。该模型在阐述成人依恋理论的基础上，认为两种控制信念（即效果信念和命运信念）在一年内调节两种伴侣反应（即积极互惠和消极互惠）之间的关系，从而决定家庭成员依恋安全感的变化。感知控制在成人依恋发展中的作用以前没有被研究过，尽管它被认为是安全感的基础。鲍尔比（1973）认为，维系家庭关系的“粘合剂”是一个人在与其他家庭成员和恋人的关系中找到的安全感程度。这种安全感的变化产生了“依恋风格”。与“安全型”依恋类型的人相比，“安全型”依恋类型的人期待他人的拒绝或不一致的反应，并认为自己对生活的控制力较弱，不值得获得情感支持。安全型依恋类型的人更有可能维持他们的亲密关系，在痛苦的时候向他人寻求安慰。本研究将探讨在某个时间点依恋风格的决定因素，以及随时间变化的风格的决定因素。研究的第一部分将评估与另一个家庭成员在某个时间点上的安全依恋是否由于(a)该人给关系带来的特征，(b)其他家庭成员的特征，或(c)该人对特定家庭成员的独特认知，行为或情感调整。第2部分将检验一个假设，即家庭成员的反应会影响人们对人际关系控制程度的信念，而人际关系控制程度又会影响他们依恋风格的安全性。通过阐明促成安全依恋的因素，本研究将促进干预措施的发展，以优化人们的人际功能。＊＊＊

Cook 9412164 ABSTRACT A fundamental issue for theories of interpersonal relationships is the relative importance of (a)characteristics a person brings to the relationship (actor effects), (b)characteristics the person's partner elicits (partner effects), or (c) the unique cognitive, behavioral, or emotional adjustment of the person to the particular partner (relationship effects). This issue is addressed in the present research in the context of adult attachment theory. Self-report attachment style data will be collected on each of the relationships in 200 two-parent two-child families according to a round-robin design. These data will be analyzed using the Social Relations Model, which provides information on the contributions of actors, partners, and unique interpersonal relationships in explaining interpersonal data. This analysis will evaluate the widespread, but unproven, assumption that adult attachment styles reflect 'actor effects'. A longitudinal component of the study uses information about the sources of variance (actor, partner, and relationship effects) contributing to perceptions of interpersonal control as a framework for a model predicting change in security of attachment in family relationships. Elaborating adult attachment theory, this model holds that two types of control beliefs (i.e., effectance and fate) mediate the relationship between two types of partner responsiveness (i.e., positive and negative reciprocity) in determining change in family members' security of attachment over a one-year period. The role of perceived control in the development of adult attachments has not been previously studied, even though it is believed to be fundamental to a sense of security. June 15, 1994 According to Bowlby (1973), the 'glue' that holds family relationships together is the degree of security a person finds in their relationships with other family members and romantic partners. Variations in this s ecurity give rise to "attachment styles." People with 'insecure' attachment styles expect rejection or inconsistent responses from others and view themselves as having less control over their lives and as being less worthy of emotional support than do people with 'secure' attachment styles. People with secure attachment styles are more likely to maintain their close relationships, reaching out to others for comfort in times of distress. This research will investigate the determinants of attachment style at one point in time as well as the determinants of change in style over time. Part 1 of the research will assess whether a secure attachment to another family member at one point in time is due to (a) the characteristics that the person brings to the relationship, (b) the characteristics of the other family member, or (c) the unique cognitive, behavioral, or emotional adjustment of the person to that particular family member. Part 2 will test the hypothesis that a family member's responsiveness influences people's beliefs concerning their degree of control over interpersonal relationships which in turn affects the security of their attachment style. By elucidating the factors that contribute to a secure attachment, this research will foster the development of interventions that can optimize people's interpersonal functioning. ***