Understanding Attachment in Family Context

库克9412164摘要人际关系理论的一个基本问题是(A)一个人给关系带来的特征(演员效应)，(B)一个人的伴侣引起的特征(伙伴效应)，或(C)一个人对特定伴侣的独特认知、行为或情感调整(关系效应)的相对重要性。这一问题是在成人依恋理论的背景下进行的。根据循环设计，将收集200个双亲两孩家庭中每一种关系的自我报告依恋风格的数据。这些数据将使用社会关系模型进行分析，该模型提供有关参与者、伴侣和独特的人际关系在解释人际数据方面的贡献的信息。这项分析将评估一个广为流传但未经证实的假设，即成年人的依恋风格反映出“演员效应”。这项研究的纵向部分使用了有关影响人际关系控制知觉的差异来源(演员、伴侣和关系影响)的信息，作为预测家庭关系中依恋安全感变化的模型的框架。该模型在阐述成人依恋理论的基础上，认为两种控制信念(有效性信念和命运信念)在决定一年内家庭成员依恋安全感变化的两种伴侣反应性(积极互惠和消极互惠)之间起中介作用。知觉控制在成人依恋发展中的作用以前还没有被研究过，尽管它被认为是安全感的基础。根据Bowlby(1973)的说法，维系家庭关系的“粘合剂”是一个人在与其他家庭成员和恋人的关系中找到的安全感。S的这种安全感的变异产生了“依恋风格”。依恋类型“不安全”的人期待别人的拒绝或反复无常的反应，他们认为自己对生活的控制力不如“安全”依恋类型的人，更不值得在情感上得到支持。拥有安全依恋风格的人更有可能维持他们的亲密关系，在痛苦时向他人寻求安慰。这项研究将调查依恋风格在某个时间点的决定因素，以及随着时间的推移风格变化的决定因素。研究的第一部分将评估在某个时间点对另一家庭成员的安全依恋是否源于(A)该人为关系带来的特征，(B)另一家庭成员的特征，或(C)该人对该特定家庭成员的独特认知、行为或情感调整。第二部分将检验这一假设，即家庭成员的反应会影响人们对他们对人际关系控制程度的信念，进而影响他们依恋风格的安全性。通过阐明有助于安全依恋的因素，这项研究将促进干预措施的发展，从而优化人们的人际功能。***

Cook 9412164 ABSTRACT A fundamental issue for theories of interpersonal relationships is the relative importance of (a)characteristics a person brings to the relationship (actor effects), (b)characteristics the person's partner elicits (partner effects), or (c) the unique cognitive, behavioral, or emotional adjustment of the person to the particular partner (relationship effects). This issue is addressed in the present research in the context of adult attachment theory. Self-report attachment style data will be collected on each of the relationships in 200 two-parent two-child families according to a round-robin design. These data will be analyzed using the Social Relations Model, which provides information on the contributions of actors, partners, and unique interpersonal relationships in explaining interpersonal data. This analysis will evaluate the widespread, but unproven, assumption that adult attachment styles reflect 'actor effects'. A longitudinal component of the study uses information about the sources of variance (actor, partner, and relationship effects) contributing to perceptions of interpersonal control as a framework for a model predicting change in security of attachment in family relationships. Elaborating adult attachment theory, this model holds that two types of control beliefs (i.e., effectance and fate) mediate the relationship between two types of partner responsiveness (i.e., positive and negative reciprocity) in determining change in family members' security of attachment over a one-year period. The role of perceived control in the development of adult attachments has not been previously studied, even though it is believed to be fundamental to a sense of security. June 15, 1994 According to Bowlby (1973), the 'glue' that holds family relationships together is the degree of security a person finds in their relationships with other family members and romantic partners. Variations in this s ecurity give rise to "attachment styles." People with 'insecure' attachment styles expect rejection or inconsistent responses from others and view themselves as having less control over their lives and as being less worthy of emotional support than do people with 'secure' attachment styles. People with secure attachment styles are more likely to maintain their close relationships, reaching out to others for comfort in times of distress. This research will investigate the determinants of attachment style at one point in time as well as the determinants of change in style over time. Part 1 of the research will assess whether a secure attachment to another family member at one point in time is due to (a) the characteristics that the person brings to the relationship, (b) the characteristics of the other family member, or (c) the unique cognitive, behavioral, or emotional adjustment of the person to that particular family member. Part 2 will test the hypothesis that a family member's responsiveness influences people's beliefs concerning their degree of control over interpersonal relationships which in turn affects the security of their attachment style. By elucidating the factors that contribute to a secure attachment, this research will foster the development of interventions that can optimize people's interpersonal functioning. ***