Science, The Cold War, and Democratic Values: Scientists in U.S. Foreign Policy, 1945-1963

直到第二次世界大战之前，科学界和美国政府的国际活动都是相对孤立地进行的。到冷战开始时，科学家越来越多地参与外交政策的评估和决策。这一前所未有的发展为科学家创造了一个新的职业角色，并与传统外交官和职业政治家产生了新的紧张关系。然而，由于1945年后美国参与国际科学的历史在很大程度上仍未被探索，人们对这些影响深远的变化知之甚少。Doel博士的研究对象是冷战初期美国国务院、国家安全委员会、中央情报局等相关机构的科学和科学家。他特别关注科学与外交政策之间的新联系如何影响科学实践并影响美国外交，并研究这些发展如何影响民主价值观和进程，包括专家在政策制定中的作用。科学和技术融入外交政策是20世纪下半叶最重要的政治变革之一，今天被认为是全球关系的一个显著特征。然而，这种转变远非一帆风顺。外交是与传统选区联系在一起的最不敏感的民主机构之一，对科学的新地位反应迟缓。科学家们试图将他们对技术官僚价值观的信仰扩展到美国政策的更广泛领域，然而，他们坚持创造新的机会，许多人希望这些机会能够缓解国际紧张局势，同时帮助美国的研究。然而，在斯普特尼克发射后，科学家们在美国参与国际科学活动、管理第三世界科学援助以及呼吁对美国研究进行集中控制以匹配苏联的优势等问题上与政府官员产生了分歧。科学与美国外交事务之间的关系是冷战历史的一个重要组成部分，有望对民主价值观和实践的演变提供新的见解。

Until World War II, the international activities of science and of the U.S. government were conducted in relative isolation from one another. By the start of the Cold War, scientists became increasingly involved in foreign policy evaluations and decision-making. This unprecedented development created a new professional role for scientists and new tensions with traditional diplomats and career politicians. Yet because the history of American involvement in international science after 1945 remains largely unexplored, little is known about these far-reaching changes. Dr. Doel is concentrating in this study on science and scientists in the State Department, the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, and related institutions in the early Cold War era. He is focusing particularly on how the new links between science and foreign policy influence the practice of science and affected American diplomacy, and examines how these developments affected democratic values and processes, including the role of experts in policy formation. The integration of science and technology into foreign policy was one of the most significant political transformations in the second half of the 20th century and is recognized today as a salient feature of global relations. Yet this transformation was far from smooth. Diplomacy, one of the least responsive of democratic establishments, linked to traditional constituencies, was slow to react to the new prominence of science. Scientists, seeking to extend their faith in technocratic values to broader realms of U.S. policy, nevertheless persevered in creating new opportunities that many hoped would ease international tensions while aiding American research. Yet, after Sputnik's launch, scientists split with one another and with the government officials over American participation in international science activities, management of Third World science aid, and calls for centralized controls over U.S. research to match perceived Soviet superiority . The relationship between science and U.S. foreign affairs is an important component of Cold War history, one that promises new insight into the evolution of democratic values and practices.