Science, The Cold War, and Democratic Values: Scientists in U.S. Foreign Policy, 1945-1963

科学、冷战和民主价值观：美国外交政策中的科学家，1945 年至 1963 年

• 批准号: 9511867
• 负责人: Ronald Doel
• 金额: $ 10.66万
• 依托单位: American Institute of Physics
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Fixed Amount Award
• 财政年份: 1995
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1995-09-01 至 2000-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9511867&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Science; Cold; War; Democratic; Values

Until World War II, the international activities of science and of the U.S. government were conducted in relative isolation from one another. By the start of the Cold War, scientists became increasingly involved in foreign policy evaluations and decision-making. This unprecedented development created a new professional role for scientists and new tensions with traditional diplomats and career politicians. Yet because the history of American involvement in international science after 1945 remains largely unexplored, little is known about these far-reaching changes. Dr. Doel is concentrating in this study on science and scientists in the State Department, the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, and related institutions in the early Cold War era. He is focusing particularly on how the new links between science and foreign policy influence the practice of science and affected American diplomacy, and examines how these developments affected democratic values and processes, including the role of experts in policy formation. The integration of science and technology into foreign policy was one of the most significant political transformations in the second half of the 20th century and is recognized today as a salient feature of global relations. Yet this transformation was far from smooth. Diplomacy, one of the least responsive of democratic establishments, linked to traditional constituencies, was slow to react to the new prominence of science. Scientists, seeking to extend their faith in technocratic values to broader realms of U.S. policy, nevertheless persevered in creating new opportunities that many hoped would ease international tensions while aiding American research. Yet, after Sputnik's launch, scientists split with one another and with the government officials over American participation in international science activities, management of Third World science aid, and calls for centralized controls over U.S. research to match perceived Soviet superiority . The relationship between science and U.S. foreign affairs is an important component of Cold War history, one that promises new insight into the evolution of democratic values and practices.

直到第二次世界大战，科学和美国政府的国际活动都是在相对孤立的情况下进行的。 到冷战开始时，科学家越来越多地参与外交政策评估和决策。 这一前所未有的发展为科学家创造了一个新的职业角色，并与传统的外交官和职业政治家产生了新的紧张关系。 然而，由于1945年后美国参与国际科学的历史在很大程度上仍未被探索，因此对这些影响深远的变化知之甚少。 Doel博士的研究集中在冷战早期国务院、国家安全理事会、中央情报局和相关机构的科学和科学家身上。 他特别关注科学与外交政策之间的新联系如何影响科学实践和影响美国外交，并研究这些发展如何影响民主价值观和进程，包括专家在政策形成中的作用。 将科学技术融入外交政策是20世纪下半叶最重要的政治变革之一，今天被认为是全球关系的一个显著特征。 然而，这一转变远非一帆风顺。 外交是民主体制中反应最迟钝的一个，与传统的选民联系在一起，对科学的新突出地位反应缓慢。 科学家们试图将他们对技术官僚价值观的信仰扩展到更广泛的美国政策领域，然而，他们坚持创造新的机会，许多人希望这些机会能够缓解国际紧张局势，同时帮助美国的研究。 然而，在人造卫星发射后，科学家们在美国参与国际科学活动、管理第三世界科学援助以及呼吁对美国研究进行集中控制以配合苏联的优势等问题上彼此分裂，并与政府官员分裂。 科学与美国外交事务之间的关系是冷战历史的重要组成部分，它为民主价值观和实践的演变提供了新的见解。