SYMPOSIUM: Amphibian Metamorphosis: An Integrative Approach:American Society of Zoologists Meeting in Washington, D.C., January 1996

研讨会：两栖动物变形：综合方法：美国动物学家协会 1996 年 1 月在华盛顿特区举行的会议

• 批准号: 9529567
• 负责人: Tyrone Hayes
• 金额: $ 0.5万
• 依托单位: Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1996
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1996-02-01 至 1996-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9529567&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: SYMPOSIUM; Amphibian; Metamorphosis; Integrative; Approach

9529567 Hayes This symposium brings together experts in ecology, endocrinology, developmental biology, and molecular biology to address integrative studies on amphibian metamorphosis. Metamorphosis is one of the most remarkable biological processes described. During amphibian metamorphosis, one animal (the tadpole) virtually transforms into another (an adult frog). In addition to the obvious external changes, such as the resorption of the tail, the growth of limbs, and the beginning of terrestrial life, there are many other less obvious changes. Tadpoles are typically vegetarian whereas adults feed on insects or small animals, thus the structure of the gut and all of its enzymes change at metamorphosis; the immune system is destroyed and rebuilt to suit the frog; the gills resorb and are replaced by lungs; the structure of hemoglobin (the oxygen carrying molecule) changes; the structure and function of the eye transform from one that sees underwater to one better suited for seeing in air; the skin glands (which produce mucous, important antibiotics, and toxins) develop; the reproductive organs develop; etc. All of the changes in structures and functions are regulated by hormones. Although, thyroid hormone is the principal hormone stimulating these changes, other hormones such as prolactin and the stress hormone, corticosterone, modulate development. All of these hormones function by regulating genes, turning off the "tadpole genes" and turning on the "frog genes". In addition, these hormones are controlled by external factors such as temperature, food level, water quality, the presence of predators, and population density. Because of these complex interactions across levels of organization, environment-organism gene, metamorphosis is an excellent process for integrative studies. Amphibians can be used as a model to examine how environmental changes affect physiological processes as well as to examine gene regulation. Amphibian metamorphosis is a vital model for understanding development an d the role of genes in all vertebrates (including humans), because the developmental processes at metamorphosis can be observed directly (unlike embryonic development in other animals that typically occurs inside an egg or inside the mother). In addition, understanding changes in physiology and gene expression in response to environmental changes is vital in understanding how animals adapt to changes in environment. This understanding will result in better utilization of amphibians as indicators of environmental degradation, which is urgent given evidence for the recent global decline in amphibian populations.

9529567海斯这次研讨会汇集了生态学、内分泌学、发育生物学和分子生物学的专家，以解决两栖动物变态的综合研究。变态是所描述的最显著的生物过程之一。在两栖动物的变态过程中，一种动物(蝌蚪)实际上会转变为另一种(成年青蛙)。除了明显的外部变化，如尾巴的吸收，肢体的生长，以及陆地生命的开始，还有许多其他不太明显的变化。蝌蚪是典型的素食动物，而成虫以昆虫或小动物为食，因此肠道的结构及其所有酶在变态时会发生变化；免疫系统被破坏并重建以适应青蛙；鳃被吸收并被肺取代；血红蛋白(携氧分子)的结构发生变化；眼睛的结构和功能从能在水下看到的东西转变为更适合在空气中看到的东西；皮肤腺(产生粘液、重要的抗生素和毒素)发育；生殖器官发育；等等。所有结构和功能的变化都受激素的调节。虽然，甲状腺激素是刺激这些变化的主要激素，但其他激素，如催乳素和应激激素皮质酮，也调节发育。所有这些荷尔蒙都通过调节基因、关闭“蝌蚪基因”和开启“青蛙基因”来发挥作用。此外，这些荷尔蒙还受外界因素的控制，如温度、食物水平、水质、捕食者的存在和种群密度。由于这些跨越组织、环境-有机体基因水平的复杂相互作用，变形是一个很好的综合研究过程。两栖动物可以被用作研究环境变化如何影响生理过程以及检查基因调控的模型。两栖变态是理解所有脊椎动物(包括人类)的发育和基因作用的重要模型，因为变态的发育过程可以直接观察到(与其他动物的胚胎发育不同，其他动物的胚胎发育通常发生在鸡蛋或母亲体内)。此外，了解响应环境变化的生理和基因表达的变化对于理解动物如何适应环境变化至关重要。这一理解将导致更好地利用两栖动物作为环境退化的指标，鉴于最近全球两栖动物数量下降的证据，这一点是迫切的。