Principals of Pollution Prevention

污染防治原则

• 批准号: 9554972
• 负责人: Paul Berthouex
• 金额: $ 14.47万
• 依托单位: University of Wisconsin-Madison
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 1996
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1996-02-01 至 1998-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9554972&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Principals; Pollution; Prevention

Pollution prevention is practiced in industry, but there appears to be no coherent and generally applicable principles of pollution prevention about which to organize instructional materials. The literature abounds mainly with anecdotal and disconnected accounts of successful pollution prevention campaigns. There is a need for educational material on pollution prevention. Our goal is to design a course and prepare teaching materials suitable for students from all engineering disciplines. Environmental engineering texts on pollution control summarize state-of-the art knowledge in a way that does not foster innovation because (1) they compartmentalize the treatment of wastewater, solid wastes, gases, hazardous substances, etc. and (2) they typically do not deal with pollution prevention and waste minimization. Chemical and mechanical engineering texts on manufacturing process design typically ignore the production of pollutants and pollution prevention. The systematic coordinated view that is so valuable in solving real problems is not fostered by division along these boundaries. This approach fails to convey to the young engineer the notion that certain fundamentals apply to all processing systems. We seek to amalgamate the subdivisions of process design, pollution prevention, and pollution control, and integrate the management of various physical forms of pollutants. The principles of pollution prevention common to all fields of engineering involve the intelligent management of materials, energy, and chemical reactivity. These principles guide the engineer in the search for superior manufacturing processes. These rules of thumb are constrained by the physical laws of conservation of mass, conservation of energy, and the principles of managing chemical reactivity. These principles serve to identify pollution prevention concepts that might be successful from those concepts that cannot be successful. The most important part of the instructional material will be ch apters on applications focusing on perhaps twenty areas of the economy. The applications will serve to identify and limit the specific techniques of mass ands energy balancing and the specific rules-of-thumb to be presented in the introductory materials. This method of instruction emphasizes the role of the engineer as a developer of technology that is economically competitive and environmentally responsible. The principles can be a generally applicable basis foe instruction in engineering. The final product will be a course syllabus with an instruction manual, including practice problems and exercises, that can be used to teach an integrated approach to pollution prevention and control. The ultimate product will be a textbook because this is the only way to have the course taught nationwide.

在工业中进行污染预防，但似乎没有连贯和普遍适用的污染预防原则来组织教学材料。文献中主要充斥着关于成功的污染预防运动的轶事和不连贯的叙述。需要有关预防污染的教育材料。我们的目标是设计一门课程并准备适合所有工程学科学生的教材。关于污染控制的环境工程文本以一种不能促进创新的方式总结了最新的知识，因为(1)它们将废水、固体废物、气体、有害物质等的处理分开，(2)它们通常不处理污染预防和废物最小化。关于制造工艺设计的化学和机械工程文本通常忽略了污染物的产生和污染预防。在解决实际问题时非常有价值的系统协调的观点，并不是由沿着这些边界的划分所培养的。这种方法无法向年轻的工程师传达某些基本原理适用于所有处理系统的概念。我们寻求将工艺设计、污染预防和污染控制的分支合并，并整合各种物理形式污染物的管理。所有工程领域共同的污染预防原则涉及材料、能源和化学反应性的智能管理。这些原则指导工程师寻找卓越的制造工艺。这些经验法则受到质量守恒、能量守恒和化学反应管理原理等物理定律的限制。这些原则有助于从那些不可能成功的概念中找出可能成功的污染预防概念。教学材料中最重要的部分将是侧重于20个经济领域的应用章节。应用程序将用于识别和限制质量和能量平衡的特定技术以及将在介绍性材料中介绍的特定经验法则。这种教学方法强调工程师作为具有经济竞争力和对环境负责的技术开发人员的作用。这些原则可以作为工程教学中普遍适用的基础。最后的成果将是一份课程大纲和一份指导手册，其中包括实践问题和练习，可用于教授预防和控制污染的综合方法。最终的产品将是一本教科书，因为这是在全国范围内教授这门课程的唯一途径。