Dissertation Research: Ontogeny and Evolution of Frog Hind Limb Bone & Muscle Morphology & Material Properties: Effects of Varying Developmental Duration on Jumping Perfor

Biewener 9701121将评估发育持续时间对青蛙肌肉骨骼形态和骨材料特性的个体发育的影响，将这些特性的知识扩展到更广泛的脊椎动物物种。发育持续时间的变化被认为会影响后肢骨骼和肌肉的形态和材料特性，从而影响新变态青蛙的运动能力。在野外采集的青蛙和在两种温度下饲养的实验青蛙中，将比较发育持续时间的变化对肌肉骨骼系统的影响。对野外采集的和实验室饲养的青蛙的高速跳跃视频进行分析，将用于将性能与肌肉骨骼形态和骨材料特性联系起来。肌肉骨骼特征将通过组织切片、X线片、四点弯曲和询问相结合的方法进行检查。将使用所有参数的个体发育和系统发育标度来了解年龄和大小的影响。这项研究将评估青蛙发育持续时间演变中的潜在权衡。虽然幼虫的快速发育通常对生态有利，但这项研究将根据肌肉-骨骼系统的形态和生理能力来评估其对运动能力的影响。

Biewener 9701121 The effects of developmental duration on the ontogeny of musculo-skeletal morphology and bone material properties in frogs will be evaluated, expanding knowledge of these features to a broader range of vertebrate species. Variation in developmental duration is hypothesized to affect the morphology and material properties of the hind limb bones and muscles and, consequently, the locomotor performance of newlymetamorphosed frogs. The effects of variations in developmental duration on the musculoskeletal system will be compared in field collected frogs and experimental frogs raised at two temperatures. Analysis of high speed videos of jumps from field-collected and laboratory-raised frogs will be used to correlate performance with musculo-skeletal morphology and bone material properties. Musculo-skeletal characteristics will be examined through a combination of histological sectioning, radiographs, four-point bending, and asking. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic scaling of all parameters will be used to understand the influence of age and size. This study will assess potential trade-offs in the evolution of developmental durations in frogs. Though rapid, larval development is often ecologically advantageous, this study will evaluated its cost to locomotor performance in terms of the morphological and physiological capabilities of the musculo-skeletal system.