Dissertation Research: Ontogeny and Evolution of Frog Hind Limb Bone & Muscle Morphology & Material Properties: Effects of Varying Developmental Duration on Jumping Perfor

将评估发育持续时间对蛙类肌肉骨骼形态和骨材料特性的个体发生的影响，将这些特征的知识扩展到更广泛的脊椎动物物种。据推测，发育时间的变化会影响后肢骨骼和肌肉的形态和材料特性，从而影响新变形蛙的运动性能。将在野外采集的青蛙和在两种温度下饲养的实验青蛙中比较发育持续时间的变化对肌肉骨骼系统的影响。对野外采集和实验室饲养的青蛙跳跃的高速视频进行分析，将用于将表现与肌肉骨骼形态和骨材料特性联系起来。肌肉骨骼特征将通过组织学切片，x光片，四点弯曲和询问的组合来检查。所有参数的个体发育和系统发育尺度将用于了解年龄和尺寸的影响。这项研究将评估青蛙发育持续时间进化中潜在的权衡。虽然幼虫的快速发育通常具有生态优势，但本研究将从肌肉骨骼系统的形态和生理能力方面评估其对运动性能的影响。

Biewener 9701121 The effects of developmental duration on the ontogeny of musculo-skeletal morphology and bone material properties in frogs will be evaluated, expanding knowledge of these features to a broader range of vertebrate species. Variation in developmental duration is hypothesized to affect the morphology and material properties of the hind limb bones and muscles and, consequently, the locomotor performance of newlymetamorphosed frogs. The effects of variations in developmental duration on the musculoskeletal system will be compared in field collected frogs and experimental frogs raised at two temperatures. Analysis of high speed videos of jumps from field-collected and laboratory-raised frogs will be used to correlate performance with musculo-skeletal morphology and bone material properties. Musculo-skeletal characteristics will be examined through a combination of histological sectioning, radiographs, four-point bending, and asking. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic scaling of all parameters will be used to understand the influence of age and size. This study will assess potential trade-offs in the evolution of developmental durations in frogs. Though rapid, larval development is often ecologically advantageous, this study will evaluated its cost to locomotor performance in terms of the morphological and physiological capabilities of the musculo-skeletal system.