The Origins of Udi Syntax

乌迪语（Udi）是一种濒临灭绝的语言，属于东北高加索语系。 之所以选择乌迪语作为研究对象，是因为：（1）乌迪语的语言结构在许多方面与我们所熟悉的其他语言不同，因此可以极大地帮助我们理解语言的共性;（B）乌迪语有一个复杂的形态，这为句法关系提供了现成的证据;（3）乌迪语经历了重大的句法和形态变化。 该项目的中心是开发一种结构，用于标记注意力的焦点，并开发可移动协议（发生在许多类型中的任何一种，包括动词，名词，代词和副词）。 该项目涉及句法和与该句法最相关的形态学的研究，包括一致性和格标记。 该项目的目标包括描述和解释（a）协议和复杂动词的形成，因为它们在今天的乌迪语中发挥作用，（B）乌迪语中可动协议的起源，（c）乌迪语和东北高加索语言中复杂动词的起源，（d）乌迪语和其他东北高加索语言中焦点结构的发展，（e）案件标记模式变化的根源。 该项目的意义不仅限于解释乌地语和东北高加索语系其他语言特有的现象;相反，这些变化将与句法变化的普遍性有关。 预计该项目将提供：（a）解释词内部一致性是如何产生的，（B）加深对格系统如何发生变化的理解，（c）检验最近文献中关于句法变化的主张，这些主张涉及简化复杂结构以及格标记和一致模式的变化，（d）测试关于在句法中使用历史方法的主张，这些方法最初是艾德设计用来重建音系学的。

The Origins of Udi Syntax Udi is an endangered language which belongs to the North East Caucasian language family. It has been selected as an object of study because (a) the structures of the languages of this family are different in many ways from those of more familiar languages and therefore can contribute significantly to our understanding of language universals, (b) Udi has a complex morphology, which supplies ready evidence of syntactic relations, and (c) Udi has undergone significant syntactic and morphological change. The project centers on the development of a construction for marking the focus of attention and on the development of moveable agreement (which occurs on a host of any one of many types, including verbs, nouns, pronouns, and adverbs). The project involves study of both syntax and the morphology that is most relevant to that syntax, including agreement and case marking. The objectives of the project include the description and explanation of (a) agreement and complex verb formation as they function in Udi today, (b) the origins of moveable agreement in Udi, (c) origins of complex verbs in Udi and North East Caucasian languages generally, (d) development of the focus construction in Udi and other North East Caucasian languages, (e) origins of changes in case marking patterns. The significance of the project is not limited to the explanation of phenomena particular to Udi and other languages of the North East Caucasian family; rather, these changes will be related to the universals of syntactic change. It is expected that the project will provide (a) an explanation of how word-internal agreement originates, (b) an increased understanding of how case system undergo change, (c) testing of claims made in the recent literature on syntactic change regarding the simplification complex constructions and regarding changes in case marking and agreement patterns, (d) testing of claims regarding the use in syntax of historical methods originally design ed for use in reconstructing phonology.