Synchrony and Diachrony of the Word in Georgian

格鲁吉亚语是格鲁吉亚共和国（前苏联的一部分）使用的Kartvelian（南高加索）语族的一员。研究将集中在格鲁吉亚语复杂单词结构的某些共时性和历时性方面，因为有些似乎对当前的单词结构理论提出了挑战。例如，虽然人们普遍认为单词不包含连词，但在格鲁吉亚语中，看似单词的单位通常包含da ‘and‘，例如oc-da-or-i [20-and-2-NOM] ’ 22 ’。虽然人们普遍认为短语不能构成单词的基础，但在格鲁吉亚语中，具有单词特征的单位通常可以基于后位短语，例如umlaut-amde-li [umlaut- till - jj - nom] ‘在umlaut （ADJ）之前’，其中后缀-(e)l形成形容词，从umlaut-amde ‘until umlaut’开始，以-amde ‘until’为首，这似乎是一个后位，而不是一个大小写后缀。虽然人们普遍认为单词是回指的岛屿，但在格鲁吉亚语中，像u-sen-o ‘*you-less’这样的单位是常规的，其中sen ‘you (SG)’是一个完全指代代词，u- o是一个修饰词（前缀和后缀的组合）。这个项目旨在为描述语言的共时性和历时性共性做出贡献；该项目的具体目标是详细描述格鲁吉亚语的回指性、短语递归性和词内协调性；对格鲁吉亚语和卡特维利亚语中围脖词源的描述和解释；以及对明显违反短语递归性约束的可能起源的探索。对共时现象的研究将在格鲁吉亚共和国进行，并将通过同母语人士进行一对一协商，以格鲁吉亚语进行。主要的研究方法包括咨询师大声朗读格鲁吉亚文字（用于音节、重音和其他语音现象）和句子，同时咨询师对P.I.大声朗读的格鲁吉亚文字、短语和句子进行评论或纠正。历时现象研究将包括仔细阅读格鲁吉亚旧文本和其他比较和历史文献，阅读格鲁吉亚共和国图书馆的材料。和那里的同事讨论。该项目的意义不仅限于分析和解释格鲁吉亚特有的现象；相反，这些现象将与提出的词语结构共相有关。预计该项目将提供：对最近文献中关于这个词的普遍特征的主张进行检验；绕口令的起源研究；以及短语表观递归的起源研究。

Georgian is a member of the Kartvelian (South Caucasian) language family, spoken in the Republic of Georgia, formerly part of the U.S.S.R. The research will focus on certain synchronic and diachronic aspects of the structure of complex words in Georgian because some seem to pose a challenge to current theories of word structure. For example, although it is generally held that words do not contain conjunctions, units that appear to be words routinely do contain da 'and' in Georgian, such as oc-da-or-i [20-and-2-NOM] 'twenty-two'. Though it is accepted that in general phrases cannot form the basis of words, in Georgian units that have the characteristics of words can routinely be based on postpositional phrases, such as umlaut-amde-li [umlaut-until-ADJ-NOM] 'before umlaut (ADJ)', where the suffix -(e)l forms an adjective, from umlaut-amde 'until umlaut', headed by -amde 'until', which appears to be a postposition, not a case suffix. While it is generally accepted that words are anaphoric islands, in Georgian units such as u-sen-o '*you-less' are routine, where sen 'you (SG)' is a fully referential pronoun, and u--o is a circumfix (prefix-suffix combination).This project is intended as a contribution to the description of synchronic and diachronic universals of language; the specific goals of the project are the detailed description of anaphoric islandhood, phrasal recursivity, and coordination inside words in Georgian; the description and explanation of the origins of circumfixes in Georgian and the Kartvelian languages; and the exploration of possible origins of apparent violations of the constraint on phrasal recursivity.Research on synchronic phenomena will take place in the Republic of Georgia and will be conducted in Georgian through one-on-one consultations with native speakers. The primary research methods involve consultants reading aloud written Georgian words (for syllabification, stress, and other phonological phenomena) and sentences, together with consultants commenting on or correcting Georgian words, phrases, and sentences read aloud by the P.I. Research on diachronic phenomena will include close reading of Old Georgian texts and other comparative and historical documents, reading of materials in libraries in the Republic of Georgia, and discussion with colleagues there.The significance of the project is not limited to the analysis and explanation of phenomena particular to Georgian; rather, these phenomena will be related to proposed universals of word structure. It is expected that the project will provide: testing of claims made in the recent literature on universal characteristics of the word; a study of the origins of circumfixes; and study of the origins of apparent phrasal recursivity.