Synchrony and Diachrony of the Word in Georgian

乔治亚语是南高加索语系卡尔特维利亚语系的一员，该语系讲于前苏联的乔治亚共和国。这项研究将集中在乔治亚语复合词结构的某些共时和历时方面，因为其中一些似乎对当前的词结构理论构成了挑战。例如，虽然人们普遍认为单词不包含连词，但在乔治亚语中，看似单词的单位通常包含da‘and’，如oc-da-or-i[20-and-2-nom]‘22’。虽然人们普遍认为短语不能构成单词的基础，但在格鲁吉亚具有单词特征的单位中，具有单词特征的短语通常可以以后置词短语为基础，例如umlat-amde-li[umlat-Until-adj-nom]‘Been umlot(Adj)’，其中后缀-(E)L构成形容词，从umlot-amde‘到umlat’，以-amde‘Until’为首，似乎是后置，而不是格后缀。虽然人们普遍认为单词是回指孤岛，但在格鲁吉亚的单位中，如u-sen-o‘*you-less’是例行公事，其中sen‘you(SG)’是一个完全指代代词，u--o是一个环缀(前缀-后缀组合)。该项目旨在为描述语言的共时性和历时共性作出贡献；该项目的具体目标是详细描述格鲁吉亚语的回指孤岛、短语递归和词语内部的协调；描述和解释格鲁吉亚和卡特维尔语言中回指的起源；对共时现象的研究将在乔治亚共和国进行，并将通过与讲母语的人进行一对一磋商，以格鲁吉亚语进行研究。主要的研究方法包括顾问朗读格鲁吉亚文字(音节、重音和其他语音现象)和句子，顾问评论或更正P.I.朗读的格鲁吉亚文字、短语和句子。历时现象研究将包括仔细阅读旧格鲁吉亚文献和其他比较和历史文献，阅读乔治亚共和国图书馆的资料，并与那里的同事讨论。该项目的意义不仅限于分析和解释格鲁吉亚特有的现象；相反，这些现象将与拟议的词汇结构共性有关。预计该项目将提供：检验最近关于该词普遍特征的文献中所提出的主张；研究环缀的起源；以及研究明显的短语递归的起源。

Georgian is a member of the Kartvelian (South Caucasian) language family, spoken in the Republic of Georgia, formerly part of the U.S.S.R. The research will focus on certain synchronic and diachronic aspects of the structure of complex words in Georgian because some seem to pose a challenge to current theories of word structure. For example, although it is generally held that words do not contain conjunctions, units that appear to be words routinely do contain da 'and' in Georgian, such as oc-da-or-i [20-and-2-NOM] 'twenty-two'. Though it is accepted that in general phrases cannot form the basis of words, in Georgian units that have the characteristics of words can routinely be based on postpositional phrases, such as umlaut-amde-li [umlaut-until-ADJ-NOM] 'before umlaut (ADJ)', where the suffix -(e)l forms an adjective, from umlaut-amde 'until umlaut', headed by -amde 'until', which appears to be a postposition, not a case suffix. While it is generally accepted that words are anaphoric islands, in Georgian units such as u-sen-o '*you-less' are routine, where sen 'you (SG)' is a fully referential pronoun, and u--o is a circumfix (prefix-suffix combination).This project is intended as a contribution to the description of synchronic and diachronic universals of language; the specific goals of the project are the detailed description of anaphoric islandhood, phrasal recursivity, and coordination inside words in Georgian; the description and explanation of the origins of circumfixes in Georgian and the Kartvelian languages; and the exploration of possible origins of apparent violations of the constraint on phrasal recursivity.Research on synchronic phenomena will take place in the Republic of Georgia and will be conducted in Georgian through one-on-one consultations with native speakers. The primary research methods involve consultants reading aloud written Georgian words (for syllabification, stress, and other phonological phenomena) and sentences, together with consultants commenting on or correcting Georgian words, phrases, and sentences read aloud by the P.I. Research on diachronic phenomena will include close reading of Old Georgian texts and other comparative and historical documents, reading of materials in libraries in the Republic of Georgia, and discussion with colleagues there.The significance of the project is not limited to the analysis and explanation of phenomena particular to Georgian; rather, these phenomena will be related to proposed universals of word structure. It is expected that the project will provide: testing of claims made in the recent literature on universal characteristics of the word; a study of the origins of circumfixes; and study of the origins of apparent phrasal recursivity.