Synchrony and Diachrony of the Word in Georgian

格鲁吉亚是一个成员的Kartvelian（南高加索）的语言家庭，在格鲁吉亚，以前的一部分，苏联的研究将集中在某些共时和历时方面的格鲁吉亚复杂的词的结构，因为有些似乎构成了挑战，目前的词结构理论。例如，虽然一般认为单词不包含连词，但在格鲁吉亚语中，看似单词的单位通常包含da和'，例如oc-da-or-i [20-and-2-NOM] ' twenty-two-two '。虽然一般来说短语不能构成单词的基础，但在格鲁吉亚语中，具有单词特征的单位通常可以基于后置短语，例如umlaut-amde-li [umlaut-until-ADJ-NOM] '在umlaut（ADJ'之前，其中后缀-（e）l形成形容词，从umlaut-amde 'until umlaut'开始，以-amde 'until'开头，似乎是后置词，而不是一个case后缀。虽然人们普遍认为词是回指的岛屿，但在格鲁吉亚语中，诸如u-sen-o的'*you-less'是常规的，其中sen 'you（SG）'是完全指涉代词，而u--o是一个环绕词本项目旨在对语言的共时和历时共性的描述作出贡献;该项目的具体目标是详细描述照应的岛屿性，短语递归性和格鲁吉亚语单词内部的协调性;描述和解释格鲁吉亚语和卡特维利语中周缀的起源;关于共时现象的研究将在格鲁吉亚共和国进行，并将通过与母语者一对一的协商以格鲁吉亚语进行。主要的研究方法包括顾问阅读大声写格鲁吉亚字（音节化，重音，和其他语音现象）和句子，以及顾问评论或纠正格鲁吉亚字，短语，和句子由P.I.大声朗读。历时现象的研究将包括古格鲁吉亚文本和其他比较和历史文件的密切阅读，阅读材料在格鲁吉亚共和国的图书馆，并与同事们讨论。该项目的意义不仅限于格鲁吉亚特有的现象的分析和解释;相反，这些现象将涉及到拟议的词结构的共性。预计该项目将提供：测试最近文献中关于该词普遍特征的主张;研究后缀的起源;研究明显的短语递归性的起源。

Georgian is a member of the Kartvelian (South Caucasian) language family, spoken in the Republic of Georgia, formerly part of the U.S.S.R. The research will focus on certain synchronic and diachronic aspects of the structure of complex words in Georgian because some seem to pose a challenge to current theories of word structure. For example, although it is generally held that words do not contain conjunctions, units that appear to be words routinely do contain da 'and' in Georgian, such as oc-da-or-i [20-and-2-NOM] 'twenty-two'. Though it is accepted that in general phrases cannot form the basis of words, in Georgian units that have the characteristics of words can routinely be based on postpositional phrases, such as umlaut-amde-li [umlaut-until-ADJ-NOM] 'before umlaut (ADJ)', where the suffix -(e)l forms an adjective, from umlaut-amde 'until umlaut', headed by -amde 'until', which appears to be a postposition, not a case suffix. While it is generally accepted that words are anaphoric islands, in Georgian units such as u-sen-o '*you-less' are routine, where sen 'you (SG)' is a fully referential pronoun, and u--o is a circumfix (prefix-suffix combination).This project is intended as a contribution to the description of synchronic and diachronic universals of language; the specific goals of the project are the detailed description of anaphoric islandhood, phrasal recursivity, and coordination inside words in Georgian; the description and explanation of the origins of circumfixes in Georgian and the Kartvelian languages; and the exploration of possible origins of apparent violations of the constraint on phrasal recursivity.Research on synchronic phenomena will take place in the Republic of Georgia and will be conducted in Georgian through one-on-one consultations with native speakers. The primary research methods involve consultants reading aloud written Georgian words (for syllabification, stress, and other phonological phenomena) and sentences, together with consultants commenting on or correcting Georgian words, phrases, and sentences read aloud by the P.I. Research on diachronic phenomena will include close reading of Old Georgian texts and other comparative and historical documents, reading of materials in libraries in the Republic of Georgia, and discussion with colleagues there.The significance of the project is not limited to the analysis and explanation of phenomena particular to Georgian; rather, these phenomena will be related to proposed universals of word structure. It is expected that the project will provide: testing of claims made in the recent literature on universal characteristics of the word; a study of the origins of circumfixes; and study of the origins of apparent phrasal recursivity.