Synchrony and Diachrony of the Word in Georgian

格鲁吉亚语是卡特维利亚（南高加索）语系的成员，在格鲁吉亚共和国（前苏联的一部分）使用。这项研究将重点关注格鲁吉亚语复杂单词结构的某些共时和历时方面，因为有些似乎对当前的单词结构理论构成了挑战。例如，尽管人们普遍认为单词不包含连词，但在格鲁吉亚语中，看似单词的单位通常确实包含 da 'and'，例如 oc-da-or-i [20-and-2-NOM] 'twenty-two'。虽然一般认为短语不能构成单词的基础，但在格鲁吉亚语单位中，具有单词特征的通常可以基于后置短语，例如 umlaut-amde-li [umlaut-until-ADJ-NOM] 'before umlaut (ADJ)'，其中后缀 -(e)l 形成形容词，来自 umlaut-amde 'until umlaut'，以 -amde 开头'until'，这似乎是后置词，而不是大小写后缀。虽然人们普遍认为单词是回指岛，但在格鲁吉亚语单位中，例如 u-sen-o '*you-less' 是常规用法，其中 sen 'you (SG)' 是一个完全指代代词，而 u--o 是一个环缀（前缀后缀组合）。该项目旨在为描述语言的共时和历时共性做出贡献；该项目的具体目标是详细描述格鲁吉亚语中的照应岛性、短语递归性和词内协调；格鲁吉亚语和卡特维利亚语中环线起源的描述和解释；共时现象的研究将在格鲁吉亚共和国进行，并将通过与母语人士一对一的协商以格鲁吉亚语进行。主要的研究方法包括顾问大声朗读书面的格鲁吉亚语单词（用于音节、重音和其他语音现象）和句子，以及顾问评论或纠正 P.I. 大声朗读的格鲁吉亚语单词、短语和句子。对历时现象的研究将包括仔细阅读古格鲁吉亚文本和其他比较和历史文献，阅读格鲁吉亚共和国图书馆的资料，以及与那里的同事进行讨论。该项目的意义不仅限于分析和解释格鲁吉亚特有的现象；相反，这些现象将与所提出的词结构的共性有关。预计该项目将提供： 对最近文献中关于该词的普遍特征的主张进行测试；对环环起源的研究；并研究表观短语递归性的起源。

Georgian is a member of the Kartvelian (South Caucasian) language family, spoken in the Republic of Georgia, formerly part of the U.S.S.R. The research will focus on certain synchronic and diachronic aspects of the structure of complex words in Georgian because some seem to pose a challenge to current theories of word structure. For example, although it is generally held that words do not contain conjunctions, units that appear to be words routinely do contain da 'and' in Georgian, such as oc-da-or-i [20-and-2-NOM] 'twenty-two'. Though it is accepted that in general phrases cannot form the basis of words, in Georgian units that have the characteristics of words can routinely be based on postpositional phrases, such as umlaut-amde-li [umlaut-until-ADJ-NOM] 'before umlaut (ADJ)', where the suffix -(e)l forms an adjective, from umlaut-amde 'until umlaut', headed by -amde 'until', which appears to be a postposition, not a case suffix. While it is generally accepted that words are anaphoric islands, in Georgian units such as u-sen-o '*you-less' are routine, where sen 'you (SG)' is a fully referential pronoun, and u--o is a circumfix (prefix-suffix combination).This project is intended as a contribution to the description of synchronic and diachronic universals of language; the specific goals of the project are the detailed description of anaphoric islandhood, phrasal recursivity, and coordination inside words in Georgian; the description and explanation of the origins of circumfixes in Georgian and the Kartvelian languages; and the exploration of possible origins of apparent violations of the constraint on phrasal recursivity.Research on synchronic phenomena will take place in the Republic of Georgia and will be conducted in Georgian through one-on-one consultations with native speakers. The primary research methods involve consultants reading aloud written Georgian words (for syllabification, stress, and other phonological phenomena) and sentences, together with consultants commenting on or correcting Georgian words, phrases, and sentences read aloud by the P.I. Research on diachronic phenomena will include close reading of Old Georgian texts and other comparative and historical documents, reading of materials in libraries in the Republic of Georgia, and discussion with colleagues there.The significance of the project is not limited to the analysis and explanation of phenomena particular to Georgian; rather, these phenomena will be related to proposed universals of word structure. It is expected that the project will provide: testing of claims made in the recent literature on universal characteristics of the word; a study of the origins of circumfixes; and study of the origins of apparent phrasal recursivity.