Trial by Science: Forensic Science and the Pursuit of Justice

这个项目将考察某些法医科学的历史，以考察证据在科学、法律和历史调查中不断变化的地位。法医科学是一套实用的技术，可以检查身体留下的痕迹。这些技术可能源于基础科学，但它们是为在法律环境中使用而磨练的。它们是特殊的科学，因为它们不像物理学那样阐明一般规律，而是寻求确定特定的个人和实例，以便创造关于过去的可信故事。在这种程度上，法医科学的方法和目标与历史和某些生命科学的方法和目标非常相似。该项目要解决的问题包括：从人文科学和社会科学到生物和物理科学等不同学科的事实是如何产生的？这样的事实是如何转化为证据的？我们如何理解在实验室、法庭和学者的研究中获得的证据的不同标准？这些标准在不同的文化背景下和随着时间的推移有何不同？这个项目通过考察科学在特定背景下形成物质形式的具体实例来解决这些问题。具体专题包括目击者报告和间接证据的相对可信度的变化、笔迹分析在鉴定文件中的作用、人体测量学和指纹分析的使用、法医人类学对人体遗骸的应用、测谎仪的使用以及血型和DNA分析的引入。总体目标是审查社会如何创建不同的“证据剧场”，以协调证据的产生与正义的产生。这项研究的核心是专家知识在一个日益多元化和技术复杂的政体中的作用。？║‘？？┬│╣元？┤？│║？╣│？元/元？/┤┤`/_╣│？/%%║%`/元？_╣│_？│┐？？/┤%╣╗┐╣┤║？/？？/？┴╣%%▓？？╣└？？元╣？/元┤+？┴╣└？元╣？元╣？┴╣%%▓？│？┤┐│元？┤？_？%？│┐？？╣？%┐元╣？╣│%┐┤？？元┐┤╣？元╝┐│元┐╝/%？？%└/元╣？│元？`┤╝？？▓？┤╣？/┤┤╣？？│？╝╣│║╝？║？╝？╣？元/元╣│/┤`/_╣│_？┤╣╣│/元╣？？原媛╝╣▓┐元？┤元？%┐│元╣？/%？%└？│元？/┤？┬│╣元/元╣？┤╝╣└？？%└？│元？

This project will examine the history of certain forensic sciences to examine the changing status of evidence in science, in law, and in historical investigation. The forensic sciences are a set of practical techniques that examine traces left by the body. These techniques may be derived from fundamental science, but they are honed for use in a legal setting. They are sciences of the particular in that they do not articulate general laws, as physics does, but seek to identify particular individuals and instances so as to create plausible stories about the past. To that extent, the methods and aims of the forensic sciences closely resemble those of history and certain life sciences. Among the questions to be addressed by the project are: How are facts produced in different disciplines, from the humanities and social sciences to the biological and physical sciences? How are such facts converted into proofs? How can we understand the different standards of evidence that obtain in the laboratory, the courtroom, and the scholar's study? And how have these standards varied in different cultural settings and over time? This project tackles such questions by examining the concrete instances where science takes material form in particular contexts. Among the specific topics are the shift in relative credibility of eyewitness reports and circumstantial evidence, the role of handwriting analysis in authenticating documents, the use of anthropometry and fingerprint analysis, the application of forensic anthropology to human remains, the use of lie detectors, and the introduction of blood-type and DNA analysis. The overall aim is to examine how societies have created different `theatres of proof` to coordinate the production of proof with the production of justice. Central to this study is the role of expert knowledge in a polity that has become increasingly pluralistic and technically complex. ?║` ? Á┬│╣¥Á┤ Á%Á│║ Ê ╣│ ¢¥/¥Á ¢ /┤ ┤`/_╣│¢ ? ¢_/%% ║%`/¥?_╣│ _?%Á│┐%Á¢ í?¥© À/¢ /┤ %╣╗┐╣┤ ║©/¢Á ¢`¢¥Á_¢ ┴╣%% ▓Á ╣└Á¢¥╣À/¥Á┤ +Á┴ ╣└Á¢¥╣À/¥╣?¢ ┴╣%% ▓Á │?┤┐│¥Á┤ ? _?%Á│┐%Á¢ ╣ ¢?%┐¥╣? ¼©Á¢Á ╣│%┐┤Á ¢¥┐┤╣Á¢ ? ¢¥╝┐│¥┐╝/% ¢?%└/¥╣? ÁÂÂÁ│¥¢ ? ©`┤╝?ÀÁ ▓?┤╣À /┤ ┤╣Á%Á│¥ ╝╣│ ║╝?║Á╝¥╣Á¢ ¢¥/¥╣│ /┤ `/_╣│ _?┤╣Â╣│/¥╣?¢ /¥¥╝╣▓┐¥Á┤ ¥? Â%┐│¥╣?/% ¢?%└Á¥ ÁÂÂÁ│¥¢ /┤ Á┬│╣¥/¥╣? ┤╝╣└Á ¢?%└Á¥ ÁÂÂÁ│¥¢ ¼©Á ÂÁ/¢