Air-Sea Coupling Mechanisms in Tropical Cyclones

9714885 Shay美国气象研究计划(USWRP)是一个跨部门活动，旨在开展和实施必要的研究，以改善向国家提供的气象服务。根据这一计划，美国国家科学基金会、美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)、美国国家航空航天局(NASA)和海军研究办公室正在联合评估和支持USWRP的高优先级研究。USWRP的主要目标之一是进行必要的研究，以改进飓风的路径和强度预报。这项研究的目标是增进对海-气相互作用在改变热带气旋近地表风结构方面的作用的理解。尤其重要的是，当热带气旋掠过美国东海岸和墨西哥湾各州周围的温暖海洋地貌时，要了解这些相互作用的作用。具体的研究目标是：(A)确定暖核心海洋涡旋的位置和热含量；(B)研究暖海洋特征对太平洋边界层中增强的表面应力、通量和波的强迫作用以及海洋边界层反馈对海洋边界层的作用；以及(C)量化海温和盐度梯度的混合和水平平流的作用，包括海洋边界层的质量、热量和盐度收支。研究方法涉及一个基于卫星遥感的海洋监测计划，以探测夏季月份温暖的中尺度海洋特征。将使用从NASA TOPEX和Geosat后续飞行任务得出的经分析的海面高度异常来监测这些特征，以确定它们相对于预报风暴路径的位置。海面温度将由先进的甚高分辨率辐射计监测。此外，作为NOAA飓风研究部实验场计划的一部分，将在NOAA飞机上进行大气和海洋观测计划的耦合。观测将包括使用机载消耗性剖面仪测量上层洋流、温度和密度结构。在这些海洋学部署期间，将同时观测APBL中的动量、热量和水汽的湍流通量；以及使用步进频率微波辐射计和机载C波段散射计遥感地面风和应力，并可能在侦察和研究任务期间获取美国航天局扫描雷达高度计的二维方向波谱。这项研究的成功完成将有助于更好地了解高空暖洋区特征对地面风变化的作用。这可能导致边界层参数化的改善和飓风强度预报的改善。***

9714885 Shay The U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP) is an interagency activity designed to perform and implement the research necessary to improve the delivery of weather services to the nation. Under this Program, the National Science Foundation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Office of Naval Research are jointly evaluating and supporting research of high priority to the USWRP. One of the primary goals of the USWRP is to perform the research necessary to improve track and intensity forecasts of hurricanes. The goal of this research effort is to improve understanding of the role of air- sea interactions in modifying the near-surface wind structure of tropical cyclones. Of particular importance is to understand the role of these interactions as tropical cyclones pass over warm oceanic features that surround the United States Eastern Seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico states. Specific research objectives are: (a) Determine locations and heat content of warm core oceanic eddies; (b) Examine the forcing of warm ocean features on enhanced surface stresses, fluxes and waves in the APBL and the role of the OPBL feedback on the APBL; and (c) Quantify the roles of mixing and horizontal advection of SST and salinity gradients including the mass, heat and salt budgets in the OPBL. Research approach involves an ocean monitoring program based on satellite remote sensing to detect warm, mesoscale oceanic features during the summer months. These features will be monitored using the analyzed sea-surface height anomalies derived from the NASA TOPEX and Geosat Follow On missions to determine their locations relative to the forecast storm track. Sea surface temperatures will be monitored from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Additionally, as part of the NOAA Hurricane Research Division experimental field program, a coupled atmospheric and oceanic ob servational program will be conducted from an NOAA aircraft. Observations will include measurement of upper ocean current, temperature and density structure using airborne expendable profilers. Concurrent observations of the turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture in the APBL during these oceanographic deployments; and remote-sensing of surface winds and stresses using the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer and airborne C-Band Scatterometer, and possibly 2-dimensional directional wave spectra from the NASA Scanning Radar Altimeter will be acquired during reconnaissance and research missions. Successful completion of this research will lead to a better understanding of the role of warm upper oceanic features on surface wind variations. This may lead to improved boundary layer parameterizations and improved hurricane intensity forecasts. ***