Wilderness Policies and Cultural Values in Finland and the United States

芬兰和美国的荒野政策和文化价值观

• 批准号: 9726044
• 负责人: James Gladden
• 金额: $ 2.04万
• 依托单位: University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1998
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1998-05-01 至 1999-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9726044&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Wilderness; Policies; Cultural; Values; Finland

WILDERNESS POLICIES AND CULTURAL VALUES IN FINLAND AND THE UNITED STATES As part of a comprehensive, multi-year study of comparative wilderness polices in the circumpolar north, this study is designed to analyze the types of human uses permitted in wilderness areas in terms of the cultural values they represent. Finland in its northern region and the United States in Alaska are well suited for a comparison of Arctic Circle that policies. Both countries have large amounts of land near and above the Arctic Circle that remain in a relatively undeveloped and natural condition. Each also has established legislative mechanisms to designate lands under its sovereign control as de jure wilderness. Finland and the United States have indigenous populations in their Arctic regions; northern Finland is the homeland of the Saami, while Inuit and Athabascans inhabit northern Alaska. Although Finland and the United States share the above traits as Arctic countries, they differ in several respects. The northern geography of Finland is linked directly to its southern, more populated and urban regions, while Alaska is detached from the contiguous United States. Finland also has a younger policy history of establishing and managing de jure wilderness. In 1964 the US Congress passed the Wilderness Act, and in 1980 it approved the Alaska Lands Acts. The Finnish Parliament passed its Wilderness Act in 1991, establishing 12 areas in its Arctic region as de jure Wilderness. The study, an initial comparison of circumpolar wilderness policies, seeks to increase understanding in three areas of concern. First, the study describes the specific types and levels of human uses permitted by government policies in Finland's northern wilderness areas. Second, it analyzes these human uses in terms of what they suggest about the underlying cultural values held toward nature by Finland. Third, the study analyzes uses permitted by public policies in Alaska's wilderness areas with Finland's, comparing and contrast ing their cultural approaches to the place of humans in nature.

芬兰和美国的荒野政策和文化价值作为环极北部荒野政策比较多年综合研究的一部分，这项研究旨在分析荒野地区允许的人类使用类型及其所代表的文化价值。北部地区的芬兰和阿拉斯加的美国非常适合比较北极圈的政策。这两个国家在北极圈附近和北极圈上方都有大量土地，这些土地仍然处于相对不发达的自然条件下。每个国家还建立了立法机制，将其主权控制下的土地指定为法律上的荒野。芬兰和美国的北极地区有土著居民；芬兰北部是萨米人的故乡，而因纽特人和阿萨巴斯加人居住在阿拉斯加北部。尽管芬兰和美国作为北极国家具有上述共同特征，但它们在几个方面有所不同。芬兰的北部地理与南部人口较多的城市地区直接相连，而阿拉斯加则与毗邻的美国分离。芬兰在建立和管理法律上的荒野方面也有更年轻的政策历史。1964年，美国国会通过了《荒野法案》，1980年通过了《阿拉斯加土地法案》。芬兰议会于1991年通过了荒野法案，将其北极地区的12个地区定为法律上的荒野。这项研究是对环极地荒野政策的初步比较，旨在增加对三个令人担忧的领域的理解。首先，这项研究描述了芬兰北部荒野地区政府政策允许的人类使用的具体类型和水平。其次，它分析了这些人类的用途，从它们对芬兰对自然持有的潜在文化价值观的建议来看。第三，这项研究分析了阿拉斯加荒野地区和芬兰的公共政策允许的用途，比较和对比了它们在文化上对人类在自然中的地位的态度。