Regional Problems and Local Solutions in the Post-Soviet Transition: An Ethnographic Study of Reindeer Herding Communities in the Chuckota Autonomous Okrug

摘要9726308施韦策这一试点项目调查了楚科特自治区后苏联过渡时期驯鹿放牧的社会、经济、政治和文化方面。俄罗斯的驯鹿放牧可能从未面临过像这个不稳定时期那样的快速和全面的变化。随着维持驯鹿国营农场运营的大量政府补贴的突然取消，它们现在必须适应不断变化的政治和经济条件，否则就有失败的风险--不仅是经济上的失败，而且是它们提供基本社会服务的能力的丧失，而这些服务是北方农村社区赖以生存的。在不同的驯鹿放牧行动中实施了各种重组方案，但它们的结果大相径庭。为什么有些公司正在蓬勃发展，而另一些公司却在挣扎求生，甚至正在消亡？驯鹿牧业被管理者视为前苏联经济的众多分支之一，现在必须私有化；但今天实行的驯鹿放牧是一种能够向市场提供产品并为所有者带来利润的企业吗？从实践者的角度来看，这是它存在的最重要原因吗？这项研究调查了驯鹿牧民和管理人员为什么选择他们所做的选择，并评估了这些选择的后果。Chukotakan案提供了宝贵的比较数据，说明俄罗斯联邦各地区实施私有化和农业改革的方式，以及针对苏联解体后过渡所产生的迅速社会变化正在出现的各种反应。

Abstract 9726308 Schweitzer This pilot project investigates the social, economic, political and cultural aspects of reindeer herding during the post-Soviet period of transition ill the Chukotka Autonomous 0krug. Reindeer herding in the Russian has perhaps never been faced with such rapid and sweeping changes as in this unstable time. With the abrupt withdrawal of the large government subsidies that kept reindeer state farms operational, they must now adapt to the changing political and economic conditions or risk failure -- not merely economic failure, but failure in their ability to provide the basic social service that rural Northern communities have come to depend on for their very survival. A variety of restructuring options have been put into effect at different reindeer herding operations, but they have experienced dramatically varying outcomes. Why are some thriving while others are struggling to survive, or even dissolving? Reindeer herding is treated by administrators as just one of the many branches of the former Soviet economy that must now become privatized; but is reindeer herding as practiced today an enterprise that can deliver a product to market and a profit to its owner? And is that the most important reason for its existence, from the point of view of those who practice it? This research examines why reindeer herders and administrators choose the options they do, and evaluates the consequences of those choices. The Chukotakan case provides valuable comparative data on the ways in which privatization and agricultural reform are implemented in the regions of the Russian Federation and the kinds of responses that are emerging to the rapid social change resulting from the post-Soviet transition.