Why Do Countries Trade? Analytical and Empirical Inquiries

小行星9810180 国际经济学中最基本的问题是国家为什么要进行贸易。 主要的理论已经被详细地阐述了，但是数学和最基本的问题还没有得到回答。 这个项目对其中一些问题做出了重要贡献：相对贡献是什么？ 规模经济、技术差异和禀赋差异在解释实际贸易模式中的作用？ 为什么理论上强大的赫克歇尔-奥林-瓦内克理论遭受了戏剧性的失败，被称为“失踪的交易之谜”？ 以“经济地理学”为标题的新的贸易理论是否有助于解释国际生产和贸易格局？ 更具体地说，该项目探讨了规模经济、技术和禀赋差异对理解贸易原因的相对贡献，方法是探索一组丰富的日本企业层面数据，以解决贸易决定因素问题。 本项目通过扩展克鲁格曼和维纳布尔斯的理论工作（即垄断竞争性商品不仅作为最终产出，而且作为生产所有其他品种的中间投入）以及扩大市场准入的概念，调查最近在被称为“经济地理学”的领域的研究对我们理解国际专业化的贡献。 最后，该项目解决了被称为“失踪贸易之谜”的问题，即， 令人惊讶的发现，衡量净要素贸易是一个订单小于预测的赫克歇尔-奥林-瓦内克从国家捐赠。 该项目利用经合发组织国家的数据库研究跨国技术差异。 通过比较日本国家投入矩阵中的进口系数和日本出口商小组的直接测量值，可以得出进一步的见解。 该项目考虑了将这些见解扩展到更广泛的国家样本的各种方式。 ??

9810180 Weinstein The most fundamental question in international economics is why countries trade. The principal theories have been elaborated in great detail, but empirics and the most basic questions are unanswered. This project makes important contributions to some of these questions: What are the relative contributions? Of scale economies, technical differences, and endowment differences in explaining actual trade patterns? Why does the theoretically robust Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek theory suffer the dramatic failure that has been termed the "mystery of the missing trade"? Can the new theory of trade identified by the rubric "economic geography" help to account for the international pattern of production and trade? More specifically, the project addresses the relative contribution of scale economies, technical and endowment differences to understanding the causes of trade by exploring a rich panel of Japanese firm-level data to address the issue of the determinants of trade. The project investigates the contribution to our understanding of international specialization due to recent research in the area dubbed "economic geography," by extending theoretical work by Krugman and Venables which allows for the monopolistically competitive goods to serve not only as final outputs, but also as intermediate inputs in the production of all of the other varieties and by broadening the concept of market access. Finally, the project addresses the problem known as "the mystery of the missing trade", i.e., the surprising finding that measured net factor trade is an order smaller than that predicted by Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek from national endowments. This project pursues cross-country technological differences using databases for OECD countries. Further insights will come from a comparison between import coefficients taken from Japan's national input matrix and direct measures from a panel of Japanese exporters. The project considers a variety ways of extending these insights to a broader samp le of countries. ??