Monumental enclosures, non-megalithic and megalithic tombs of the Early and Middle Neolithic in Schleswig-Holstein: Studies on the construction history, age determination, function and landscape relations within the micro-regions of Büdelsdorf and Albersd

在布德尔斯多夫/博尔格斯特和阿尔伯斯多夫地区，可以研究新石器时代的围栏以及南日德兰半岛漏斗烧杯文化的巨石和非巨石坟墓的功能及其在景观中的嵌入性。对新石器时代早期和中期关系在上述微区域的历时发展的重建将有助于识别社会分化的过程，并将有助于验证早期纪念性出现的模型。在靠近艾德河的比德尔斯多夫（Büdelsdorf）小区域，一个有内部建筑的沟渠系统和一个有巨石和非巨石坟墓的墓地早已闻名。坟墓显示出朝向外壳的径向方向。对发现和特征的分析提供了一个独特的机会，一方面同步两个阶段的Büdelsdorf LA 1工地的建设活动，另一方面同步纪念性坟墓的建设活动。反过来，它是可能的，然后将整个频谱的纪念碑遗址的漏斗烧杯文化与彼此。自1992年以来，在Albersdorf地区，一个没有内部建筑的沟渠系统已经被发现。它位于一个微型区域，附近有几个巨石和非巨石坟墓。坟墓和围栏之间的空间关系似乎缺失了。由此得出的结论是，土地利用和空间发展的系统不同于在布德尔斯多夫观察到的。在迪克斯诺尔的沟渠系统、布鲁特坎普的多边形支石墓和LA 56的长巴罗推车处完成的发掘表明，大约在公元前3700年，从围栏和非巨石长手推车开始的发展顺序。大约一百年后，巨石建筑首次出现。所有的建筑都并行使用了几个世纪。在博尔格斯特，也可以看到非巨石长冢向巨石坟墓的转变。这些纪念碑是否在东部小区域也被使用了这么长时间还有待核实。乍一看，这两个外壳似乎非常不同。阿尔伯斯多夫-迪斯克诺尔完成了一个纯粹的仪式功能，而比德尔斯多夫可以被确定为一个定居点。然而，后者仅涉及其第二利用阶段。Büdelsdorf的最初建造及其第一阶段也必须在仪式的背景下看待。由于没有明确的证据表明存在亵渎神明的定居点，只能继续根据周围地区的已知结构对Albersdorf地区的定居点系统进行间接调查。两个微区域之间的比较应有助于解释合理的不同的空间规划概念的原因。因此，社会和环境发展的重建起着重要作用。通过精确的时间结构的发展过程中，社会分化的特点和纪念性的出现将被调查。

In the regions of Büdelsdorf/Borgstedt and Albersdorf, it is possible to investigate Neolithic enclosures as well as megalithic and non-megalithic tombs of the Funnel Beaker Culture of South Jutland with respect to their function and their embeddedness in the landscape. The reconstruction of the diachronic development of Early and Middle Neolithic relationships in the mentioned micro-regions will contribute to the identification of processes of social differentiation and will help to verify models of the emergence of early monumentality. In the micro-region of Büdelsdorf near the Eider River, a ditch system with interior constructions and a cemetery with megalithic and non-megalithic tombs have been long-known. The graves show a radial orientation towards the enclosure. The analysis of finds and features provides a unique opportunity to synchronise construction activities of the two-phased site Büdelsdorf LA 1, on the one hand, and at the monumental graves, on the other hand. In turn, it is then possible to correlate the whole spectrum of monumental sites of the Funnel Beaker Culture with one another. From the region of Albersdorf, a ditch system without interior constructions has been known since 1992. It is situated in a micro-region in the vicinity of several megalithic and non-megalithic tombs. A spatial relation between the graves and the enclosure seems to be missing. This leads to the conclusion that the system of land use and spatial development differed from that observed in Büdelsdorf. The completed excavations at the ditch system of Dieksknöll, the polygonal dolmen at Brutkamp and the long barrow LA 56 indicate a development sequence beginning with the enclosure and non-megalithic long barrows around 3700 BC. Megalithic constructions first followed approximately one hundred years later. All constructions were used in parallel for several centuries. A transformation of non-megalithic long barrows to megalithic graves is observable in Borgstedt as well. Whether the monuments were also used over such a long time period in the eastern micro-regions remains to be verified. Both enclosures appear to be very different from each other at first sight. Albersdorf-Dieksknöll fulfilled a purely ritual function, while Büdelsdorf can be identified as a settlement site. However, the latter only regards its second utilization phase. The initial construction of Büdelsdorf and its first phase also has to be viewed in a ritual context. Due to a lack of clear evidence indicating profane settlement sites, the settlement system of the Albersdorf region can only continue to be indirectly investigated on the basis of known structures from the surrounding area. A comparison between both micro-regions should help to explain the causes for the plausible different spatial planning concepts. Therefore, a reconstruction of social as well as environmental development plays an important role. With a precise chronological structure of the developmental processes, the character of social differentiation and the emergence of monumentality will be investigated.