Dissertation Research: Collapse and Agricultural Innovation in the Titicaca Basin Formative

在Dr. Christine Hastorf的指导下，Matthew Bandy先生将为他的博士论文收集数据。他将在玻利维亚的的的喀喀湖盆地进行考古实地考察，研究奇里帕的形成时期中心。在形成期末期，约公元550年，第一个主要的安第斯史前国家在这一地区出现，其影响蔓延到玻利维亚和秘鲁高地的大部分地区。这个蒂瓦纳库国家比它更著名的印加国家早了近500年。“原始状态”的例子——那些独立产生的，而不是对其他类似实体的压力的反应——是极其罕见的，人类学家通过研究它们来了解导致复杂社会的过程。在的的喀喀岛地区，形成期大约持续了一千年，在这段时间里，总的文化轨迹是朝着更大的社会规模和一体化发展的。奇里帕位于未来蒂瓦纳库州的中心，它的异常之处在于它在形成期后期经历了一次崩溃。初步的考古数据表明，当地的社会、经济和政治机构发生了大规模的重组。与人们的预期相反，整合的规模减小了。在初步工作中，班迪先生注意到定居模式和石窟结构的变化。今天，简单的犁在安第斯高原被广泛使用，Bandy先生假设，“崩溃”实际上不是一次，而是反映了由于犁的引入而导致的生存和定居模式的转变。他认为，这个简单的装置第一次允许利用湖岸的肥沃土壤，人口分散，利用这项新技术，这种移动导致了更小的定居点。然而，为这一设想提供有力支持所必需的数据是缺失的。在美国国家科学基金会的资助下，班迪先生将开展一个综合项目，包括足部调查、形成期材料的系统地表收集、有限的测试挖掘和面向问题的实验室分析。这项研究将为第一个伟大的安第斯文明的兴起提供新的线索。它还将帮助培训一名有前途的年轻科学家。

Under the direction of Dr. Christine Hastorf, Mr. Matthew Bandy will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. He will conduct archaeological fieldwork in the Lake Titicaca Basin of Bolivia to study the Formative Period center of Chiripa. At the close of the Formative, ca. 550 AD the first of the major Andean prehistoric states arose in this region and its influence spread over much of the Bolivian and Peruvian highlands. This Tiwanaku State preceded by almost 500 years its better known Incan counterpart. Examples of `pristine states` - those which arise independently and not in response to pressure from other similar entities - are extremely rare and anthropologists study them to understand the processes which lead to complex societies. In the Titicaca region the Formative Period spans approximately a thousand years and the general cultural trajectory during this interval it towards greater social scale and integration. Chiripa lies at the heart of the future Tiwanaku state and what makes it anomalous is that fact that it underwent a collapse during the late Formative. Preliminary archaeological data suggests a wholesale reconfiguration of local social, economic and political institutions. The scale of integration decreases, contrary to what one might expect. In preliminary work, Mr. Bandy noted changes in settlement pattern and in the configuration of stone celts. Today, simple plows are widely used in the highland Andes and Mr. Bandy hypothesizes that the `collapse` is not in fact one but reflects a shift in subsistence and settlement pattern which resulted from the introduction of the plow. He believes that this simple device for the first time permitted the utilization of heavy lake margin soils, that population dispersed to take advantage of this new technology and that this movement resulted in smaller, settlements. However the data necessary to provide strong support for such a scenario are missing. With NSF funding Mr. Bandy will carry out an integrated program of foot survey, systematic surface collection of Formative Period materials, limited test excavations and problem-oriented laboratory analyses. This research will shed new light on the rise of the first great Andean civilization. It will also assist in training a promising young scientist.